Bacterial wilt in brinjal: Source of resistance, inheritance of resistance and molecular markers linked to resistance loci
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Published
Feb 25, 2024
Pandiyaraj Pitchai
Tejavathu Hatiya Singh D. C. Lakshmana Reddy
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-5151
Tejavathu Hatiya Singh D. C. Lakshmana Reddy
Abstract
Brinjal, eggplant or aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family and is a widely cultivated warm-season vegetable in India and around the world. Brinjal production and productivity are strongly affected by many biotic stresses, viz., fusarium wilt, verticillium wilt and small leaves of brinjal. Among all the diseases, bacterial wilt (BW) is the most destructive disease in tropical, subtropical, temperate, and humid regions worldwide due to the broad host range and prolonged duration of spore survival. BW disease in brinjal is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, which belongs to the β-proteobacteria family and is a gram-negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped, and soilborne bacterium. BW disease management strategies, such as culture, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods, are ineffective due to the prolonged survival period of the bacterium in the soil and its wide host range. The use of resistant varieties and hybrids against BW disease is the safest method for controlling this disease. Information on the genetics of resistance to BW disease in brinjal is vital for the development of an effective breeding method and for identifying bacterial wilt resistance in preferable brinjal cultivars. The use of molecular markers associated with BW disease resistance gene loci helps to characterize traits of interest and develop resistant varieties and hybrids. This review described recent advances in different control measures. We focused on the importance of marker-assisted selection for identifying bacterial wilt diseases.
How to Cite
Pitchai, P., Singh , T. H., & Reddy, D. C. L. (2024). Bacterial wilt in brinjal: Source of resistance, inheritance of resistance and molecular markers linked to resistance loci. Environment Conservation Journal. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.24512690
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Keywords
Ralstonia solanacearum, Eggplant, Inheritance, Molecular markers, Resistance
References
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Ajjappalavara, P.S., Dharmatti, P.R., Salimath, P.M., Patil, R.V., Patil, M.S. & Krishnaraj, P.U. (2010). Genetics of bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 21(3), 424–427.
Álvarez, B., Biosca, E.G. & López, M.M. (2010). On the life of Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive bacterial plant pathogen. Current research, technology and education topics in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology, 267–279.
Arunkumar, B., Lingaiah, H.B., Puttaraju, T.B., Rangaswamy, K.T. & Jyothi Kattegoudar. (2016). Studies on genetics of bacterial wilt resistance in green eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The Bioscan 11(2), 1243–1246.
Bainsla, N.K., Singh, S., Singh, P.K., Kumar, K., Singh, A.K. & Gautam, K. (2016). Genetic behavior of bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in tropics of Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7(2), 333.
Belge, S.A. (2014). Integration of combined disease resistance for bacterial wilt and tolcv in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) through marker assisted selection (Doctoral dissertation, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara).
Bhavana, P. & Singh, A.K. (2016). Biodiversity in brinjal germplasm against resistance to bacterial wilt. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 45(3), 737–739.
Bihao, C., Jian-jun, L., Yong, W. & Guo-ju, C. (2009). Inheritance and identification of SCAR marker linked to bacterial wilt-resistance in eggplant. African J. Biotech, 8(20), 5201–5207.
Chattopadhyay, A., Seth, T., Dutta, S., Ghosh, P.P., Chattopadhyay, S.B., Majumder, D. & Hazra, P. (2012). Breeding eggplant for higher productivity and bacterial wilt tolerance. International journal of vegetable science, 18(4), 376–392.
Chaudhary, D.R. (2000). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum EF Smith) in eggplant. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 29(1/2), 89–90.
Chaudhary, D.R. & Sharma, D.K. (1999). Studies on bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum EF Smith) resistance in Brinjal. Indian J. Hill Farming, 12, 94–96.
Clain, C., Da Silva, D., Fock, I., Vaniet, S., Carmeille, A., Gousset, C., Sihachakr, D., Luisetti, J., Kodja, H. & Besse, P. (2004). RAPD genetic homogeneity and high levels of bacterial wilt tolerance in Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae) accessions from Reunion Island. Plant science, 166(6), 1533–1540.
Fukuoka, H., Miyatake, K., Nunome, T., Negoro, S., Shirasawa, K., Isobe, S., Asamizu, E., Yamaguchi, H. & Ohyama, A. (2012). Development of gene-based markers and construction of an integrated linkage map in eggplant by using Solanum orthologous (SOL) gene sets. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 125(1), 47–56.
Gayathri, S. (2004). Assessment of Intra and Inter Allelic Interactions for Fruit Yield, Its Attributes, Resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLcV) and Bacterial Wilt Through Analysis of Generation Means in Two Crosses of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK).
Ge, H.Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Han, H.Q., Li, H.Z., Shao, W.T. & Chen, H.Y. (2013). Simple sequence repeat-based association analysis of fruit traits in eggplant (Solanum melongena). Genet Mol Res, 12(4), 5651–5663.
Ghosh, P.P. & Mandal, N.C. (2009). Some disease management practices for bacterial wilt of potato. The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 1(1), 51–54.
Gopalakrishnan, C., Singh, T.H. & Artal, R.B. (2014). Evaluation of eggplant accessions for resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (EF Smith) Yabuuchi et al. Journal of Horticultural Science, 9(2), 202–205.
Gopalakrishnan, T.R., Singh, P.K., Sheela, K.B., Shankar, M.A., Kutty, P.C.J. & Peter, K.V. (2005). Development of bacterial wilt resistant varieties and basis of resistance in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Bacterial wilt disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, APS Press, St Paul, 293–300.
Hussain, M.Z., Rahman, M.A. & Bashar, M.A. (2005). Screening of brinjal accessions for bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Bangladesh J. Bot, 34(1), 53–58.
Kelman, A. (1953). The bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Technical Bulletin of North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 99.
Kelman, A. (1954). The relationship of pathogenicity of Pseudomonas solanacearum to colony appearance in a tetrazolium medium. Phytopathology, 44(12), 693–695.
Kumar, R., Anjali, K., Singh, A.K. & Maurya, S. (2014). Screening of bacterial wilt resistant accessions of brinjal for Jharkhand region of India. The Ecoscan, 8(1&2), 67–70.
Kurian, A. & Peter, K.V. (2001). Heterosis for quality traits in tomato. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 39(1), 13–16.
Lafortune, D., Béramis, M., Daubèze, A.M., Boissot, N. & Palloix, A. (2005). Partial resistance of pepper to bacterial wilt is oligogenic and stable under tropical conditions. Plant Disease, 89(5), 501–506.
Lebeau, A., Gouy, M., Daunay, M.C., Wicker, E., Chiroleu, F., Prior, P., Frary, A. & Dintinger, J. (2013). Genetic mapping of a major dominant gene for resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in eggplant. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 126(1), 143–158.
Liu, F.Z., Lian, Y., Feng, D.X., Song, Y. & Chen, Y.H. (2005). Identification and Evaluation of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt in Eggplant Germplasm Resources. J. Plant Genetic Resources, 6, 381–385.
Miao, L., Shou, S., Cai, J., Jiang, F., Zhu, Z. & Li, H. (2009). Identification of two AFLP markers linked to bacterial wilt resistance in tomato and conversion to SCAR markers. Molecular biology reports, 36(3), 479–486.
Morgante, M., Hanafey, M. & Powell, W. (2002). Microsatellites are preferentially associated with nonrepetitive DNA in plant genomes. Nature genetics, 30(2), 194–200.
Nazeem, P.A., Jose, S., Sheeba, N.K., Madhavan, S., Baby, A., Kumar, P.S. & Devi, N. (2011). Differential gene expression for bacterial wilt incidence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) revealed by cDNA-AFLP analysis. Physiological and molecular plant pathology, 76(3-4), 197–203.
Nishi, T., Tajima, T., Noguchi, S., Ajisaka, H. & Negishi, H. (2003). Identification of DNA markers of tobacco linked to bacterial wilt resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 106(4): 765–770.
Nunome, T., Ishiguro, K., Yoshida, T. & Hirai, M. (2001). Mapping of fruit shape and color development traits in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) based on RAPD and AFLP markers. Breeding science, 51(1), 19–26.
Nunome, T., Negoro, S., Kono, I., Kanamori, H., Miyatake, K., Yamaguchi, H., Ohyama, A. & Fukuoka, H. (2009). Development of SSR markers derived from SSR-enriched genomic library of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 119(6), 1143–1153.
Parmar, P., Sudhir, A., Preethi, R., Dave, B., Panchal, K., Subramanian, R.B., Patel, A. & Kathiria, K.B. (2013). Identification of a SSR marker (TOM-144) linked to Fusarium wilt resistance in Solanum lycopersicum. American J. Mol. Bio. 3, 241–247.
Parveen, S., Vidyasagar & Neelam, B. (2006) Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato. Environment and Ecology, 24, 754–757.
Plazas, M., Andujar, I., Vilanova, S., Hurtado, M., Gramazio, P., Herraiz, F.J. & Prohens, J. (2013). Breeding for chlorogenic acid content in eggplant: interest and prospects. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(1), 26–35.
Portis, E., Cericola, F., Barchi, L., Toppino, L., Acciarri, N., Pulcini, L., Sala, T., Lanteri, S. & Rotino, G.L. (2015). Association mapping for fruit, plant and leaf morphology traits in eggplant. PLoS One, 10(8), 135200.
Rahman, M.A., Ali, F., Hossain, K.A. & Laila, L. (2011). Screening of different eggplant cultivars against wilt disease caused by fungi, bacteria and nematodes. Journal of Experimental Sciences, 2(1), 6–10.
Ramesh, R. (2008). Bacterial wilt in brinjal and its management. Technical Bulletin No, 10, 1–10.
Ragina, V.C. & Sadhankumar, P.G. (2013). Molecular marker analysis for bacterial wilt resistance in mapping populations of tomato. Vegetable Science, 40(2), 155–158.
Salgon, S., Jourda, C., Sauvage, C., Daunay, M.C., Reynaud, B., Wicker, E. & Dintinger, J. (2017). Eggplant resistance to the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex involves both broad-spectrum and strain-specific quantitative trait loci. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 828.
Salgon, S., Raynal, M., Lebon, S., Baptiste, J.M., Daunay, M.C., Dintinger, J. & Jourda, C. (2018). Genotyping by sequencing highlights a polygenic resistance to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). International journal of molecular sciences, 19(2), 357.
Sharma, K.C. & Verma, S. (2004). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crosses. National Journal of Plant Improvement, 6, 126–127.
Smith, E.F. (1896). A bacterial disease of the tomato, eggplant and Irish potato. US Dept. Agric. Div. Veg. Phys. Path. Bull., 12, 1–26.
Stàgel, A., Portis, E., Toppino, L., Rotino, G.L. & Lanteri, S. (2008). Gene-based microsatellite development for mapping and phylogeny studies in eggplant. BMC genomics, 9(1), 357.
Sunseri, F., Polignano, G.B., Alba, V., Lotti, C., Bisignano, V., Mennella, G., Drsquo, A., Bacchi, M., Riccardi, P., Fiore, M.C. & Ricciardi, L. (2010). Genetic diversity and characterization of African eggplant germplasm collection. African Journal of Plant Science, 4(7), 231–241.
Thakur, P.P., Mathew, D., Nazeem, P.A., Abida, P.S., Indira, P., Girija, D., Shylaja, M.R. & Valsala, P.A. (2014). Identification of allele specific AFLP markers linked with bacterial wilt [Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.] resistance in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Physiological and molecular plant pathology, 87, 19–24.
Tian, S., Wang, Y., Luo, Z., Li, M., Chen, L., Chen, Y. & Hong, Y. (2007). Genetic analysis of resistance to bacteria wilt in eggplant (Solanum melongena). Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20(4), 642–645.
Vanitha, S.C., Niranjana, S.R. & Umesha, S. (2009). Role of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polyphenol oxidase in host resistance to bacterial wilt of tomato. Journal of Phytopathology, 157(9), 552–557.
Wang, J.F., Ho, F.I., Truong, H.T.H., Huang, S.M., Balatero, C.H., Dittapongpitch, V. & Hidayati, N. (2013). Identification of major QTLs associated with stable resistance of tomato cultivar ‘Hawaii 7996’to Ralstonia solanacearum. Euphytica, 190(2), 241–252.
Wang, Q., Zhao, F., Sun, Q. & Yang, A. (2008). Genetic Diversity of Eggplant Revealed by SSR Markers. Chinese. J. Agril., 20, 694–697.
Zhi, Y., Li, H., Zhang, H. & Gang, G. (2013). Identification and utility of SRAP markers linked to bacterial wilt resistance gene in potato. Vegetos, 26(2s), 131–138.
Zhu, H., Yao, Y., Liu, Z., Yang, J. & Chen, H. (2004). On resistance to bacterial wilt in eggplant (Solanum melongena). Journal of Hunan Agricultural University, 30(3), 288–289.
Ajjappalavara, P.S., Dharmatti, P.R., Salimath, P.M., Patil, R.V., Patil, M.S. & Krishnaraj, P.U. (2010). Genetics of bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci., 21(3), 424–427.
Álvarez, B., Biosca, E.G. & López, M.M. (2010). On the life of Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive bacterial plant pathogen. Current research, technology and education topics in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology, 267–279.
Arunkumar, B., Lingaiah, H.B., Puttaraju, T.B., Rangaswamy, K.T. & Jyothi Kattegoudar. (2016). Studies on genetics of bacterial wilt resistance in green eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The Bioscan 11(2), 1243–1246.
Bainsla, N.K., Singh, S., Singh, P.K., Kumar, K., Singh, A.K. & Gautam, K. (2016). Genetic behavior of bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in tropics of Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 7(2), 333.
Belge, S.A. (2014). Integration of combined disease resistance for bacterial wilt and tolcv in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) through marker assisted selection (Doctoral dissertation, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara).
Bhavana, P. & Singh, A.K. (2016). Biodiversity in brinjal germplasm against resistance to bacterial wilt. Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 45(3), 737–739.
Bihao, C., Jian-jun, L., Yong, W. & Guo-ju, C. (2009). Inheritance and identification of SCAR marker linked to bacterial wilt-resistance in eggplant. African J. Biotech, 8(20), 5201–5207.
Chattopadhyay, A., Seth, T., Dutta, S., Ghosh, P.P., Chattopadhyay, S.B., Majumder, D. & Hazra, P. (2012). Breeding eggplant for higher productivity and bacterial wilt tolerance. International journal of vegetable science, 18(4), 376–392.
Chaudhary, D.R. (2000). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum EF Smith) in eggplant. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 29(1/2), 89–90.
Chaudhary, D.R. & Sharma, D.K. (1999). Studies on bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum EF Smith) resistance in Brinjal. Indian J. Hill Farming, 12, 94–96.
Clain, C., Da Silva, D., Fock, I., Vaniet, S., Carmeille, A., Gousset, C., Sihachakr, D., Luisetti, J., Kodja, H. & Besse, P. (2004). RAPD genetic homogeneity and high levels of bacterial wilt tolerance in Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae) accessions from Reunion Island. Plant science, 166(6), 1533–1540.
Fukuoka, H., Miyatake, K., Nunome, T., Negoro, S., Shirasawa, K., Isobe, S., Asamizu, E., Yamaguchi, H. & Ohyama, A. (2012). Development of gene-based markers and construction of an integrated linkage map in eggplant by using Solanum orthologous (SOL) gene sets. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 125(1), 47–56.
Gayathri, S. (2004). Assessment of Intra and Inter Allelic Interactions for Fruit Yield, Its Attributes, Resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLcV) and Bacterial Wilt Through Analysis of Generation Means in Two Crosses of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK).
Ge, H.Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Han, H.Q., Li, H.Z., Shao, W.T. & Chen, H.Y. (2013). Simple sequence repeat-based association analysis of fruit traits in eggplant (Solanum melongena). Genet Mol Res, 12(4), 5651–5663.
Ghosh, P.P. & Mandal, N.C. (2009). Some disease management practices for bacterial wilt of potato. The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 1(1), 51–54.
Gopalakrishnan, C., Singh, T.H. & Artal, R.B. (2014). Evaluation of eggplant accessions for resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (EF Smith) Yabuuchi et al. Journal of Horticultural Science, 9(2), 202–205.
Gopalakrishnan, T.R., Singh, P.K., Sheela, K.B., Shankar, M.A., Kutty, P.C.J. & Peter, K.V. (2005). Development of bacterial wilt resistant varieties and basis of resistance in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Bacterial wilt disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex, APS Press, St Paul, 293–300.
Hussain, M.Z., Rahman, M.A. & Bashar, M.A. (2005). Screening of brinjal accessions for bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Bangladesh J. Bot, 34(1), 53–58.
Kelman, A. (1953). The bacterial wilt caused by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Technical Bulletin of North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 99.
Kelman, A. (1954). The relationship of pathogenicity of Pseudomonas solanacearum to colony appearance in a tetrazolium medium. Phytopathology, 44(12), 693–695.
Kumar, R., Anjali, K., Singh, A.K. & Maurya, S. (2014). Screening of bacterial wilt resistant accessions of brinjal for Jharkhand region of India. The Ecoscan, 8(1&2), 67–70.
Kurian, A. & Peter, K.V. (2001). Heterosis for quality traits in tomato. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 39(1), 13–16.
Lafortune, D., Béramis, M., Daubèze, A.M., Boissot, N. & Palloix, A. (2005). Partial resistance of pepper to bacterial wilt is oligogenic and stable under tropical conditions. Plant Disease, 89(5), 501–506.
Lebeau, A., Gouy, M., Daunay, M.C., Wicker, E., Chiroleu, F., Prior, P., Frary, A. & Dintinger, J. (2013). Genetic mapping of a major dominant gene for resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in eggplant. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 126(1), 143–158.
Liu, F.Z., Lian, Y., Feng, D.X., Song, Y. & Chen, Y.H. (2005). Identification and Evaluation of Resistance to Bacterial Wilt in Eggplant Germplasm Resources. J. Plant Genetic Resources, 6, 381–385.
Miao, L., Shou, S., Cai, J., Jiang, F., Zhu, Z. & Li, H. (2009). Identification of two AFLP markers linked to bacterial wilt resistance in tomato and conversion to SCAR markers. Molecular biology reports, 36(3), 479–486.
Morgante, M., Hanafey, M. & Powell, W. (2002). Microsatellites are preferentially associated with nonrepetitive DNA in plant genomes. Nature genetics, 30(2), 194–200.
Nazeem, P.A., Jose, S., Sheeba, N.K., Madhavan, S., Baby, A., Kumar, P.S. & Devi, N. (2011). Differential gene expression for bacterial wilt incidence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) revealed by cDNA-AFLP analysis. Physiological and molecular plant pathology, 76(3-4), 197–203.
Nishi, T., Tajima, T., Noguchi, S., Ajisaka, H. & Negishi, H. (2003). Identification of DNA markers of tobacco linked to bacterial wilt resistance. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 106(4): 765–770.
Nunome, T., Ishiguro, K., Yoshida, T. & Hirai, M. (2001). Mapping of fruit shape and color development traits in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) based on RAPD and AFLP markers. Breeding science, 51(1), 19–26.
Nunome, T., Negoro, S., Kono, I., Kanamori, H., Miyatake, K., Yamaguchi, H., Ohyama, A. & Fukuoka, H. (2009). Development of SSR markers derived from SSR-enriched genomic library of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 119(6), 1143–1153.
Parmar, P., Sudhir, A., Preethi, R., Dave, B., Panchal, K., Subramanian, R.B., Patel, A. & Kathiria, K.B. (2013). Identification of a SSR marker (TOM-144) linked to Fusarium wilt resistance in Solanum lycopersicum. American J. Mol. Bio. 3, 241–247.
Parveen, S., Vidyasagar & Neelam, B. (2006) Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato. Environment and Ecology, 24, 754–757.
Plazas, M., Andujar, I., Vilanova, S., Hurtado, M., Gramazio, P., Herraiz, F.J. & Prohens, J. (2013). Breeding for chlorogenic acid content in eggplant: interest and prospects. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41(1), 26–35.
Portis, E., Cericola, F., Barchi, L., Toppino, L., Acciarri, N., Pulcini, L., Sala, T., Lanteri, S. & Rotino, G.L. (2015). Association mapping for fruit, plant and leaf morphology traits in eggplant. PLoS One, 10(8), 135200.
Rahman, M.A., Ali, F., Hossain, K.A. & Laila, L. (2011). Screening of different eggplant cultivars against wilt disease caused by fungi, bacteria and nematodes. Journal of Experimental Sciences, 2(1), 6–10.
Ramesh, R. (2008). Bacterial wilt in brinjal and its management. Technical Bulletin No, 10, 1–10.
Ragina, V.C. & Sadhankumar, P.G. (2013). Molecular marker analysis for bacterial wilt resistance in mapping populations of tomato. Vegetable Science, 40(2), 155–158.
Salgon, S., Jourda, C., Sauvage, C., Daunay, M.C., Reynaud, B., Wicker, E. & Dintinger, J. (2017). Eggplant resistance to the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex involves both broad-spectrum and strain-specific quantitative trait loci. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 828.
Salgon, S., Raynal, M., Lebon, S., Baptiste, J.M., Daunay, M.C., Dintinger, J. & Jourda, C. (2018). Genotyping by sequencing highlights a polygenic resistance to Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). International journal of molecular sciences, 19(2), 357.
Sharma, K.C. & Verma, S. (2004). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial wilt in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crosses. National Journal of Plant Improvement, 6, 126–127.
Smith, E.F. (1896). A bacterial disease of the tomato, eggplant and Irish potato. US Dept. Agric. Div. Veg. Phys. Path. Bull., 12, 1–26.
Stàgel, A., Portis, E., Toppino, L., Rotino, G.L. & Lanteri, S. (2008). Gene-based microsatellite development for mapping and phylogeny studies in eggplant. BMC genomics, 9(1), 357.
Sunseri, F., Polignano, G.B., Alba, V., Lotti, C., Bisignano, V., Mennella, G., Drsquo, A., Bacchi, M., Riccardi, P., Fiore, M.C. & Ricciardi, L. (2010). Genetic diversity and characterization of African eggplant germplasm collection. African Journal of Plant Science, 4(7), 231–241.
Thakur, P.P., Mathew, D., Nazeem, P.A., Abida, P.S., Indira, P., Girija, D., Shylaja, M.R. & Valsala, P.A. (2014). Identification of allele specific AFLP markers linked with bacterial wilt [Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.] resistance in hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Physiological and molecular plant pathology, 87, 19–24.
Tian, S., Wang, Y., Luo, Z., Li, M., Chen, L., Chen, Y. & Hong, Y. (2007). Genetic analysis of resistance to bacteria wilt in eggplant (Solanum melongena). Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20(4), 642–645.
Vanitha, S.C., Niranjana, S.R. & Umesha, S. (2009). Role of phenylalanine ammonia lyase and polyphenol oxidase in host resistance to bacterial wilt of tomato. Journal of Phytopathology, 157(9), 552–557.
Wang, J.F., Ho, F.I., Truong, H.T.H., Huang, S.M., Balatero, C.H., Dittapongpitch, V. & Hidayati, N. (2013). Identification of major QTLs associated with stable resistance of tomato cultivar ‘Hawaii 7996’to Ralstonia solanacearum. Euphytica, 190(2), 241–252.
Wang, Q., Zhao, F., Sun, Q. & Yang, A. (2008). Genetic Diversity of Eggplant Revealed by SSR Markers. Chinese. J. Agril., 20, 694–697.
Zhi, Y., Li, H., Zhang, H. & Gang, G. (2013). Identification and utility of SRAP markers linked to bacterial wilt resistance gene in potato. Vegetos, 26(2s), 131–138.
Zhu, H., Yao, Y., Liu, Z., Yang, J. & Chen, H. (2004). On resistance to bacterial wilt in eggplant (Solanum melongena). Journal of Hunan Agricultural University, 30(3), 288–289.
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