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Abstract
The toxic effects of malathion were evident in the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity of liver, brain and gills of freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Maximum inhibition of 77. 12% and 72.83% were recorded in brain and gills respectively after 72 hour of exposure to 4.80 mg/l pesticide. However, in liver highest inhibition of 67. 81% in enzyme level was noticed at 6.50 mg/l pesticide concentration after 24 hours of exposure, beyond which fish could not survive. Pesticide repressed the enzyme activity so intensely that it showed no sign of return to normalcy. The fish also elicited dissociated behaviour with increasing concentrations of pesticide toxicity.
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References
- APHA, 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste waters. American Public Health Association 17th ed.
- Arasta, T., Bais, V.S. and Thakur, P.B., 1999. Changes in selected biochemical parameters in the liver and muscles of fish, Mystus vittattus exposed to aldrin. In Environmental Pollution management (Ed. Bais, V.S.). Creative Pub., Sagar. pp: 109-112.
- Bais, V.S. and Arasta, T., 1995. Effect of sublethal concentration of Aldex on protein, lipid and glycogen levels in the liver and muscles of a catfish Mystus vittattus. J. Freshwat. Biol., 7: 151-154.
- Chandra, S., 1988. Effect of malathion on the cholesterol levels of different tissues of freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. J. Rec. Adv. Appl. Sci., 3: 500-503.
- David, M., Mushiger, S.B., Prashant, M.S. and Mathad, S.G., 2003. Hepatotoxicity of malathion on protein metabolism in Catla catla. Adv. Biol., 22: 115-120.
- Doudoroff, P.A., Burdick, B.G., Galtsoff, P.S., Hart, W.B., Patrick, R., Strong, E.R. and VonHorn, W.M., 1951. Bioassay methods for the evaluation of acute toxicity of industrial wastes to fish. Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23: 1380-1397.
- Dubey, A., 1980. Effect of environmental pollution on the physiology of fishes. Ph D. Thesis, Luck. Univ. Lucknow.
- Hestrin, S., 1949. The reaction of acetylcholine and other carboxylic acid derivatives with hydroxylamine and its analytical applications. J. Biol. Chem., 180: 249-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)56740-5
- JeyarthiShanthi, T. and Jebanesan, A., 2001. Effect of sublethal concentration of Chlorpyriphos on acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Convergence, 3: 31-35.
- Karuppasamy, R., 2002. Short and long term effect of phenyl mercuric acetate on protein metabolism in Channa puctatus. J. Nacton., 12: 83-93.
- Kaur, K. and Toor, H.S., 1977. Toxicity of pesticides to embryonic stages of Cyprinus carpio Part 2 Early Juveniles. Int. J. Acad. Ichthyol., 6: 1–4.
- Koundiya, P.R. and Ramamurthi, S.R., 1978. Effect of Sumithion on some selected enzyme system in the fish Tilapia mossambica. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 16: 809–811.
- Kulshrestha, S.K. and Arora, N., 1985. Effect of Carbofuran Rogor and DDT on the development of Cyprinus carpio. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 23: 193–196.
- Kumar, S., Lata, S. and Gopal, K., 1999. Acute toxicity of Deltamethrin to the freshwater teleost Heteropneustes fossilis and Channa punctatus. Proc. Acad. Environ. Biol., 8: 83–85.
- Kumar, S., Lata, S. and Gopal, K., 2000. Histopathological changes in gills of Heteropneustes fossilis, induced by Deltamethrin. Proc. Acad. Environ. Biol., 9: 171–173.
- Matsmura, F., 1980. Toxicology of Insecticides. Plenum Press. N. York.
- Mishra, D.K., Bohidhar, K. and Pandey, A.K., 2005. Histopathological alterations in gill of freshwater teleost Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal concentration of Cartap. J. Ecophysiol. Occup. Health., 5: 163–165.
- Murphy, P.G., 1971. The effects of the size on the uptake of DDT from water by fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 6: 20–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01559067
- Natrajan,G.M.,1984.Effectofflethal (Lc / 48 Hr) concentration of Metasystox and some selected enzyme system in air breathing fish Channa punctatus. Comp. Physiol. Ecol., 9: 29–32.
- Nath, A., Chand, G.B., Sinha, A. and Verma, P., 2000. Thyroxine hormonal imbalance and related ultrastructural changes in the testis of Rogor treated Clarias batrachus. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 32: 87–93.
- O’Brien, R.D., 1976. Acetylcholinesterase and its inhibition. In – Insecticides Biochemistry and Physiology ed. Wilkinson, C.F., Plenum Press. N. York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2212-0_7
- Obula Reddy, K.P. and Neerja, P., 2001. Certain metabolic modulations in carbohydrate metabolism of fry Cyprinus carpio on ammonia stress. J. Nacton., 13: 191–194.
- Parveen, M., Sharma, R. and Kumar, S., 2004. Effect of Neemta 2100 toxicity on Acetylcholinesterase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enzyme in serum of fish Oreochromis mossambica. J. Ind. Fish. Assoc., 31: 97–100.
- Rawat, M. and Bhargava, S., 1997. Synergic action of pesticides on fish Hetropneustes fossilis. J. Ecotoxicol. Env. Monit., 7: 177–180.
- Ronald, B.P., Javier, S.V. and David, H.S., 1999. Inhibition of Neurite outgrowth from chick sympathetic neurons by Cholinesterase inhibitors not mediated by binding of cholinesterase. Neurosci. Letters., 266: 77–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00266-9
- Sharma, R.R., Pande, A.K. and Shukla, G.R., 2001. Histopathological alterations in fish tissues induced by pesticide toxicity. Aquacult, 2: 31–43.
- Singh, A., 2003. Toxicity of few chemicals to fish Heteropneustes fossilis using static bioassay procedure. J. Nacton., 15: 255–260.
- Sudheer Kumar, D.J., John Sushma, N., Sivaiah, V., Madhava Rao, S. and Jayantha Rao, K., 2006. Effect of Chloropyrifos and Azadirachtin on Ach and AchE of fish Tilapia mossambica. Aquacult , 7: 87-91.
- Tandon, R.S. and Dubey, A., 1983. Toxic effect of two organophosphate pesticides on Fructose 1,6, Diphosphatase Aldolase activity of liver, brain and gills of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. Environ. Pollut., 31: 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(83)90049-1
- Thannipon, W., Thangnipon, W., Luappaiboon, P. and Chinabut, S., 1995. Effect of organophosphate insecticide monocrotophos on acetylcholinesterase activity in the nile Tilapia fish brain. Neurochem. Res., 20: 587-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01694540
References
APHA, 1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste waters. American Public Health Association 17th ed.
Arasta, T., Bais, V.S. and Thakur, P.B., 1999. Changes in selected biochemical parameters in the liver and muscles of fish, Mystus vittattus exposed to aldrin. In Environmental Pollution management (Ed. Bais, V.S.). Creative Pub., Sagar. pp: 109-112.
Bais, V.S. and Arasta, T., 1995. Effect of sublethal concentration of Aldex on protein, lipid and glycogen levels in the liver and muscles of a catfish Mystus vittattus. J. Freshwat. Biol., 7: 151-154.
Chandra, S., 1988. Effect of malathion on the cholesterol levels of different tissues of freshwater catfish Clarias batrachus. J. Rec. Adv. Appl. Sci., 3: 500-503.
David, M., Mushiger, S.B., Prashant, M.S. and Mathad, S.G., 2003. Hepatotoxicity of malathion on protein metabolism in Catla catla. Adv. Biol., 22: 115-120.
Doudoroff, P.A., Burdick, B.G., Galtsoff, P.S., Hart, W.B., Patrick, R., Strong, E.R. and VonHorn, W.M., 1951. Bioassay methods for the evaluation of acute toxicity of industrial wastes to fish. Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23: 1380-1397.
Dubey, A., 1980. Effect of environmental pollution on the physiology of fishes. Ph D. Thesis, Luck. Univ. Lucknow.
Hestrin, S., 1949. The reaction of acetylcholine and other carboxylic acid derivatives with hydroxylamine and its analytical applications. J. Biol. Chem., 180: 249-261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)56740-5
JeyarthiShanthi, T. and Jebanesan, A., 2001. Effect of sublethal concentration of Chlorpyriphos on acetylcholinesterase activity in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Convergence, 3: 31-35.
Karuppasamy, R., 2002. Short and long term effect of phenyl mercuric acetate on protein metabolism in Channa puctatus. J. Nacton., 12: 83-93.
Kaur, K. and Toor, H.S., 1977. Toxicity of pesticides to embryonic stages of Cyprinus carpio Part 2 Early Juveniles. Int. J. Acad. Ichthyol., 6: 1–4.
Koundiya, P.R. and Ramamurthi, S.R., 1978. Effect of Sumithion on some selected enzyme system in the fish Tilapia mossambica. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 16: 809–811.
Kulshrestha, S.K. and Arora, N., 1985. Effect of Carbofuran Rogor and DDT on the development of Cyprinus carpio. Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 23: 193–196.
Kumar, S., Lata, S. and Gopal, K., 1999. Acute toxicity of Deltamethrin to the freshwater teleost Heteropneustes fossilis and Channa punctatus. Proc. Acad. Environ. Biol., 8: 83–85.
Kumar, S., Lata, S. and Gopal, K., 2000. Histopathological changes in gills of Heteropneustes fossilis, induced by Deltamethrin. Proc. Acad. Environ. Biol., 9: 171–173.
Matsmura, F., 1980. Toxicology of Insecticides. Plenum Press. N. York.
Mishra, D.K., Bohidhar, K. and Pandey, A.K., 2005. Histopathological alterations in gill of freshwater teleost Channa punctatus exposed to sublethal concentration of Cartap. J. Ecophysiol. Occup. Health., 5: 163–165.
Murphy, P.G., 1971. The effects of the size on the uptake of DDT from water by fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 6: 20–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01559067
Natrajan,G.M.,1984.Effectofflethal (Lc / 48 Hr) concentration of Metasystox and some selected enzyme system in air breathing fish Channa punctatus. Comp. Physiol. Ecol., 9: 29–32.
Nath, A., Chand, G.B., Sinha, A. and Verma, P., 2000. Thyroxine hormonal imbalance and related ultrastructural changes in the testis of Rogor treated Clarias batrachus. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 32: 87–93.
O’Brien, R.D., 1976. Acetylcholinesterase and its inhibition. In – Insecticides Biochemistry and Physiology ed. Wilkinson, C.F., Plenum Press. N. York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2212-0_7
Obula Reddy, K.P. and Neerja, P., 2001. Certain metabolic modulations in carbohydrate metabolism of fry Cyprinus carpio on ammonia stress. J. Nacton., 13: 191–194.
Parveen, M., Sharma, R. and Kumar, S., 2004. Effect of Neemta 2100 toxicity on Acetylcholinesterase and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase enzyme in serum of fish Oreochromis mossambica. J. Ind. Fish. Assoc., 31: 97–100.
Rawat, M. and Bhargava, S., 1997. Synergic action of pesticides on fish Hetropneustes fossilis. J. Ecotoxicol. Env. Monit., 7: 177–180.
Ronald, B.P., Javier, S.V. and David, H.S., 1999. Inhibition of Neurite outgrowth from chick sympathetic neurons by Cholinesterase inhibitors not mediated by binding of cholinesterase. Neurosci. Letters., 266: 77–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00266-9
Sharma, R.R., Pande, A.K. and Shukla, G.R., 2001. Histopathological alterations in fish tissues induced by pesticide toxicity. Aquacult, 2: 31–43.
Singh, A., 2003. Toxicity of few chemicals to fish Heteropneustes fossilis using static bioassay procedure. J. Nacton., 15: 255–260.
Sudheer Kumar, D.J., John Sushma, N., Sivaiah, V., Madhava Rao, S. and Jayantha Rao, K., 2006. Effect of Chloropyrifos and Azadirachtin on Ach and AchE of fish Tilapia mossambica. Aquacult , 7: 87-91.
Tandon, R.S. and Dubey, A., 1983. Toxic effect of two organophosphate pesticides on Fructose 1,6, Diphosphatase Aldolase activity of liver, brain and gills of freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. Environ. Pollut., 31: 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-1471(83)90049-1
Thannipon, W., Thangnipon, W., Luappaiboon, P. and Chinabut, S., 1995. Effect of organophosphate insecticide monocrotophos on acetylcholinesterase activity in the nile Tilapia fish brain. Neurochem. Res., 20: 587-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01694540