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Abstract
Rice being the global grain, its genetic diversity is essential to support farmers' adaptation to climate change for sustainable production. Genetic variability analysis is essential to identify the diverse genotypes and to use them in hybridization programs. Although several advanced molecular techniques are now being used to characterize plants, morphological characterization is always preferred owing to their ease of detection. However, not all morphological traits can be observed through naked eyes. Observing micro-morphological variations requires the help of specialized optical instruments. "Foldscope" is a simple and portable optical instrument, which offers a great opportunity to exploit micro-morphological variations in crop plants. Hence, the current study was aimed at the micro-morphological characterization of rice crop using a foldscope. A total of 24 elite rice genotypes including checks were evaluated using Randomized Complete Block Design during Kharif 2018 at Agricultural Research Station Gangavati, to explore their genetic diversity. Five often neglected micro-morphological traits but associated with the traits of economic importance were recorded using 'foldscope' to assess the variability existing among the selected genotypes. The analysis of variance revealed substantial variations across all genotypes for all the characteristics investigated. The traits viz., length of leaf serrations, length of hairs on the lemma, and root hair length exhibited higher GCV, PCV, heritability, and GAM most likely because of additive gene effects. So, selection for these traits may be effective. The study also showed that foldscope can be effectively used in agriculture to study micro-morphological diversity between crop genotypes.
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References
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- Babu, V. R., Shreya, K., Dangi, K. S., Usharani, G., & Nagesh, P. (2012). Genetic variability studies for qualitative and quantitative traits in popular rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids of India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(6), 1-5.
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- Diwan, J. R., & Chikkanaragund, K. (2019). Foldscope as a research tool and its applications. Foldscope and its Applications, 95.
- Grierson, C., & Schiefelbein, J. (2002). Root hairs. The Arabidopsis book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0060
- Hamaoka, N., Yasui, H., Yamagata, Y., Inoue, Y., Furuya, N., Araki, T., Ueno, O., & Yoshimura, A. (2017). A hairy-leaf gene, BLANKET LEAF, of wild Oryza nivara increases photosynthetic water use efficiency in rice. Rice, 10(1), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-017-0158-1
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- Klinsawang, S., Sumranwanich, T., Wannaro, A., & Saengwilai, P. (2018). Effects of root hair length on potassium acquisition in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res, 16, 1609-1620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1602_16091620
- Kong, X., Huang, G., Xiong, Y., Zhao, C., Wang, J., Song, X., Giri, J., & Zuo, K. (2019). IBR5 regulates leaf serrations development via modulation of the expression of PIN1. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(18), 4429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184429
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- Rueden, C. T., Schindelin, J., Hiner, M. C., DeZonia, B. E., Walter, A. E., Arena, E. T., & Eliceiri, K. W. (2017). ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data. BMC bioinformatics, 18(1), 1-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1934-z
- Satish, K., Muniswamy, S., Girish, G., Kulkarni, V., Diwan, J. R., Geeta, Singh, N., Pandey, S., & Singh, I.P. (2020). Pod trichome characterisation using foldscope, morphological characterization and genetic diversity among indigenous collections of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Legume Research 10.18805/LR-4423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-4423
- Sharma, A.D., & Nischal, P. (2019). Foldscope: An efficient tool for quality analysis of seeds and grains for farmers. Research & Reviews in BioSciences, 6(2), 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/2394-8159.01.2019.8
- Singh, N., Choudhury, D. R., Tiwari, G., Singh, A. K., Kumar, S., Srinivasan, K., Tyagi, R. K., Sharma, A. D., Singh, N. K., & Singh, R. (2016). Genetic diversity trend in Indian rice varieties: an analysis using SSR markers. BMC genetics, 17(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-016-0437-7
- Tiwari, S., Yadav, M. C., Dikshit, N., Yadav, V. K., Pani, D. R., & Latha, M. (2020). Morphological characterization and genetic identity of crop wild relatives of rice (Oryza sativa L.) collected from different ecological niches of India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67, 2037-2055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00958-9
References
Amsagowri, V. (2017) Biochemical and genetic markers of medium duration rice varieties for yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas (walker resistance). [M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai].
Babu, V. R., Shreya, K., Dangi, K. S., Usharani, G., & Nagesh, P. (2012). Genetic variability studies for qualitative and quantitative traits in popular rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrids of India. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(6), 1-5.
Cybulski, J. S., Clements, J., & Prakash, M. (2014). Foldscope: origami-based paper microscope. PloS one, 9(6), e98781. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098781
Diwan, J. R., & Shenoy, V. V. (2001). Inheritance of ?-amylase isozyme patterns and their association with early vigour-related traits in rainfed upland rice. Current Science, 284-286.
Diwan, J. R., & Chikkanaragund, K. (2019). Foldscope as a research tool and its applications. Foldscope and its Applications, 95.
Grierson, C., & Schiefelbein, J. (2002). Root hairs. The Arabidopsis book/American Society of Plant Biologists, 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0060
Hamaoka, N., Yasui, H., Yamagata, Y., Inoue, Y., Furuya, N., Araki, T., Ueno, O., & Yoshimura, A. (2017). A hairy-leaf gene, BLANKET LEAF, of wild Oryza nivara increases photosynthetic water use efficiency in rice. Rice, 10(1), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-017-0158-1
Hu, B., Wan, Y., Li, X., Zhang, F., Yan, W., & Xie, J. (2013). Phenotypic characterization and genetic analysis of rice with pubescent leaves and glabrous hulls (PLgh). Crop Science, 53(5), 1878-1886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.09.0522
Jadhav, V. D., Bokefode, J. D., Ghodake, A. K., Borade, O. N., & Gidvir, A. S. (2020). Fold Scope: A Low-Cost Magnification Device and Its Applications in Various Fields. In Techno-Societal 2018 (pp. 145-154). Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16848-3_14
Jodon, N.E., 1965. Four morphologic characters in rice: Inheritance and relation to yield and height of awned, glabrous, liguleless and long-glumed. Journal of Heredity, 56(3), pp.119-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107389
Khush, G. S. (2005). What it will take to feed 5.0 billion rice consumers in 2030. Plant molecular biology, 59(1), 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-005-2159-5
Klinsawang, S., Sumranwanich, T., Wannaro, A., & Saengwilai, P. (2018). Effects of root hair length on potassium acquisition in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res, 16, 1609-1620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1602_16091620
Kong, X., Huang, G., Xiong, Y., Zhao, C., Wang, J., Song, X., Giri, J., & Zuo, K. (2019). IBR5 regulates leaf serrations development via modulation of the expression of PIN1. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(18), 4429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184429
Li, L., Wang, L., Liu, L. M., Hou, Y. X., Huang, S. W., & Li, Q. Q. (2017). Infection process of Burkholderia glumae in rice spikelets. Journal of Phytopathology, 165(2), 123-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12545
Li, W., Wu, J., Weng, S., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., & Shi, C. (2010). Characterization and fine mapping of the glabrous leaf and hull mutants (gl1) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant cell reports, 29(6), 617-627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-010-0848-2
Maheswari, P., Raja, P., & Ghangaonkar, N. M. (2018, December). Intelligent disease detection system for early blight of tomato using Foldscope: A pilot study. In 2018 IEEE 4th International Symposium in Robotics and Manufacturing Automation (ROMA) (pp. 1-6). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ROMA46407.2018.8986736
Maiti, R. K., Bidinger, F. R., Reddy, K. S., Gibson, P., & Davis, J. C. (1980). Nature and occurrence of trichomes in sorghum lines with resistance to the sorghum shootfly. Joint Progress Rep. Sorghum Physiology and Entomology-3, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/7733
Nestler, J., Keyes, S. D., & Wissuwa, M. (2016). Root hair formation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) differs between root types and is altered in artificial growth conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(12), 3699-3708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw115
Roy, S. C., & Shil, P. (2020). Assessment of genetic heritability in rice breeding lines based on morphological traits and caryopsis ultrastructure. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63976-8
Rueden, C. T., Schindelin, J., Hiner, M. C., DeZonia, B. E., Walter, A. E., Arena, E. T., & Eliceiri, K. W. (2017). ImageJ2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data. BMC bioinformatics, 18(1), 1-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-017-1934-z
Satish, K., Muniswamy, S., Girish, G., Kulkarni, V., Diwan, J. R., Geeta, Singh, N., Pandey, S., & Singh, I.P. (2020). Pod trichome characterisation using foldscope, morphological characterization and genetic diversity among indigenous collections of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Legume Research 10.18805/LR-4423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18805/LR-4423
Sharma, A.D., & Nischal, P. (2019). Foldscope: An efficient tool for quality analysis of seeds and grains for farmers. Research & Reviews in BioSciences, 6(2), 1-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/2394-8159.01.2019.8
Singh, N., Choudhury, D. R., Tiwari, G., Singh, A. K., Kumar, S., Srinivasan, K., Tyagi, R. K., Sharma, A. D., Singh, N. K., & Singh, R. (2016). Genetic diversity trend in Indian rice varieties: an analysis using SSR markers. BMC genetics, 17(1), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-016-0437-7
Tiwari, S., Yadav, M. C., Dikshit, N., Yadav, V. K., Pani, D. R., & Latha, M. (2020). Morphological characterization and genetic identity of crop wild relatives of rice (Oryza sativa L.) collected from different ecological niches of India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67, 2037-2055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-020-00958-9