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Abstract
In rural areas of developing countries, where about 40 % of all people live, the household stove accounts for more of all national fuel combustion occur under cooking pots. The present study was undertaken in Hisar district of Haryana state to assess the indoor air pollution level as per the energy ladder and its effect on respiratory health. The study was conducted in the rural villages of Hisar district and rural women who were using traditional chullah were selected as the sample of the study. Results revealed that most of the women were using chullah for cooking their own food and hara for animal feed with fuel placed on the lower rung of energy ladder i.e. crop waste and dung cakes, wood, kerosene, and LPG. Major health problems faced by women were ‘headache’ and ‘irritation in eyes’ while using the traditional chullah and hara. The majority of them were also having respiratory problems like ‘phlegm’ (mean score-2.7) ‘shortness of breath’ (mean score-2.6), ‘cough’ (mean score-2.5), and ‘wheezing’ (attacks) with mean score of 2.0, respectively. Mean PEFR values for the traditional chullah and hara exposed women were significantly lower as compared with MDV chullah and improved hara. Therefore, it is recommended that the use of cheap improved chullah and hara are the best alternative, which is the permanent solution of smoke and also consumes less fuel than traditional chullah and hara.
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References
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References
Banerjee, M. (2019). Increasing the share of cleaner cooking among rural households of India. Observer research foundation, https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/increasing-the-share-of-cleaner-cooking-among-rural-households-of-india-50882/
Baqir, M., Bharti, S.K., Kothari, R.,& Singh, R.P. (2019). Assessment of an energy-efficient metal chulha for solid biomass fuel and evaluation of its performance. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,16, 6773–6784. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2028-9
Das, S.S., & Panda, H. (2017). Smokeless Chulha- A Way for Enhancing Quality of Life” International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 4(7), 70-78.
Dudi, R.R., Choudhary, R., Soni, N.D, Choudhary, K., Singhvi, R.,& Kanojia R. (2017). The Comparative Study of Pulmonary Function Tests between Healthy Non Smoking Rural Women using Biomass Fuel and Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences (SJAMS), 5(2D), 574-580.
Duflo, E., Greenstone, M., & Hanna, R. (2008). Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being. S.A.P.I.EN.S. Online since 19 December 2008, connection on 31 August 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/sapiens-1-1-2008
Faizan, M.A., & Thakur, R. (2019). Association between Solid Cooking Fuels and Respiratory Disease across Socio-Demographic Groups in India. Journal of Health and Pollution,9(23), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-9.23.190911
Ibhazehiebo, K., Dimkpa, U.,& Iyawe. (2006). Peak Expiratory Flow Rate and Respiratory Symptoms Following Chronic Domestic Wood Smoke Exposure in Women in Edo, Nigeria, ActaPhysiologica,18.
International Energy Agency. (2015). World Energy Outlook 2015-Traditional Use of Solid Biomass for Cooking. London: OECD/IEA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/weo-2015-en
Jaiswal,V.B.,& Meshram, P.U. (2019). Are We Really Out of Chulha Trap: A Case Study from a District of Maharashtra.International Journal of Health Sciences & Research, 9(7), 195-202.
James, B.S., Shetty, R.S., Kamath, A.,& Shetty, A. (2020). Household cooking fuel use and its health effects among rural women in southern India—A cross-sectional study. Plos one, 15(4), e0231757. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231757 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231757
Johnson, P., Ramaswamy, P., Ghosh, S., Paul, P., Ramadoss, S., Balakrishnan, K., Thanasekaraan, V.,& Subhashini, A.S. (2011). Evaluation of mucociliary clearance among women using biomass and clean fuel in a periurban area of Chennai: A preliminary study, Lung India, 28(1), 30-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.76298
Kasom, J. (2019). Addressing indoor pollution and climate change with fuel-efficient cook stoves. Down to earth. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/air/addressing-indoor-pollution-and-climate-change-with-fuel-efficient-cook-stoves-64933
Mohapatra, I.,Das, S.C., & Samantaray, S.(2018). Health impact on women using solid cooking fuels in rural area of Cuttack district, Odisha. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(1), 11–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_21_17
Pitt, M., Rosenzweig, M.,& Hassan, M. N. (2005). Sharing the Burden of Disease: Gender, the Household Division of Labor and the Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution. CID Working Paper No. 119. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/cid/files/publications/faculty-working-papers/119.pdf
Smith, K. R. (2002). Environmental Health Sciences University of California, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, Pan-American Health Organization, UK. Environ Health Perspect, 110(11), 1057–1068.
World Health Organisation (WHO). (2002). Health and environment in sustainable development: Five years after the earth summit, WHO/EHG/97.8, Geneva.
World Health Organization. (2016). Household air pollution and health. Fact sheet 292. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.iberglobal.com/files/2015/IndiaEnergyOutlook.pdf.