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Abstract
In the present study freshwater commercially cultivable Indian major carp Labeo rohita fingerlings was used to evaluate the synergistic effect of chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide and cypermethrin , a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide widely used in agricultural fields. The fishes were maintained at sublethal concentration for a period of 14 and 21 days. Histological examination was carried out in gills, liver and muscle at the end of exposure period to study the extent of damage at safe concentration.
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References
- Amweg, E.L., Weaton, D.P. and Ureda, N.M . 2005. Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California,USA. Environonment Toxicology and Chemistry , 24 : 966-972.
- Ashauer, R. , Boxall, A. B. A. and Brown , C. D. 2006. Predicting effects on aquatic organisms from fluctuating or pulsed exposure to pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25 (11) : 1899.
- Ashauer, R., Boxall , A. B. A. and Brown ,C. D. 2007c. Modeling combined effects of pulsed exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos on Gammarus pulex. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(15): 5535-5541.
- Aydin, R., Koprucu, R., Dorucu, M., Koprucu, S. S. and Pala, M. 2005. Acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin on the common carp Cyprinus carpio embryos and larvae Aquaculture International , 13(5) : 451-458
- Belden , J . B . and Lydy, M. J. 2006. Joint toxicity of chlorpyrifos and esfenvalerate to fathead minnows and midge larvae. Environonment Toxicology and Chemistry , 25: 623–629.
- Colovic, M. B., Krstic , D. Z. , Uscumlic, G.S. and Vasic ,V. M . 2011. Single and simultaneous exposure of acetyl cholinesterase to diazinon, chlorpyrifos and their photodegradation products. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology ,100(1): 16-22.
- Das, B.K. and Mukherjee, S. C. 2000. A histopathological study of carp Labeo rohita exposed to hexachlorocyclohexane. Veterinarski Archives ,70(4) 169-180
- Glaser, A. 2006. Threatened waters.Turning the tide on pesticide contamination. Beyond pesticides, 1(2): 2-5.
- Groner, M.L. and Relyea, R.A. 2011. A tale of two pesticides: How common insecticides affect aquatic communities. Freshwater Biology, 6(11): 2391-2404.
- Humanson, G. L (4th ed ) 1979. Animal tissue technique .WH Freeman and Company San Francisco, USA pp 3-63.
- ICMR Bulletin, 2001. Pesticide pollution.Trends and perspective, 3(1) : 1-12.
- Johal, M. S., Sharma , M. L. and Ravneet . 2007. Impact of low dose of organophosphate monocrotophos on the epithelial cells of gills of Cyprinus carpio communis Linn –SEM study. Journal of Environmental Biology , 28(3) : 653-667 .
- Kamrin, M. A. 1997 .Pesticide Profiles Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate; Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida; pp 147- 152.
- Laetz, C. A., Baldwin, D. H., Collier, T. K., Hebert, V., Stark, J. D., Scholz,N. L. 2009. The Synergistic Toxicity of Pesticide Mixtures: Implications for Risk Assessment and the Conservation of Endangered Pacific Salmon. Environmental Health Perspectives 117(3): 348-353.
- Laskowski, D.A. 2002. Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Review of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 174 : 49-170
- Navaraj ,P. S. and Yasmin, J. 2012. Toxicological evaluation of tannery industry waste water on Oreochromis mossambicus. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology , 6(9) : 331-336
- Norgaard, K. B. and Cedergreen, N. 2010. Pesticide cocktails can interact synergistically on aquatic crustaceans. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 17(4): 957-967
- Olmstead, A. W. and LeBlanc , G. A. 2005. Toxicity assessment of environmentally relevant pollutant mixtures using a heuristic model. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 1: 114–122.
- Olojo , E. A., Olurin, K. B., Mbaka, G. and Oluwemimo, A. D . 2005. Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 : 117-122
- Pereira ,J. L., Mendes, C. D. and Goncalves F. 2009. Acute and chronic effects of a mixture of formulated pesticides and its corresponding active ingredients in Daphnia magna. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin , 18(7b) : 1281-1288.
- Randall, D. J. 1990. Control and coordination of gas exchange in water breathers. Advances in Comparative Environmental Physiology , 6 : 253-278
- Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Chlorpyrifos; 2006 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
- Relyea ,R. A. 2009. A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia , 159(2): 363-376.
- Roberts, R. J. (1st ed) 1978. The pathophysiology and systemic pathology of teleosts and laboratory methods.In : Fish Pathology . Bailliere Tindall London ,UK , pp 235-246
- Sprague, J . B . 1973 .Measurement of pollutant toxicology of fish.Sublethal effects and safe concentration .Water Research , 5 : 245-266
- Tilak, K. S., Veeraiah and Koteeswara Rao, 2005b. Biochemical changes induced by chlorpyrifos an organophosphate compound in sublethal concentrations to freshwater fish Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. Journal of Environmental Biology, 26 : 341-347
- Van der Oost , R. , Beyer, J. and Vermeulen , N.P.E. 2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmocology, 13 : 57-149
- Wang , C . , Lu , G. , Cui , J. and Wang , P. 2009a. Sublethal effects of pesticide mixtures on selected biomarkers of Carassius auratus. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 28(3): 414-419.
- Zhang, Y. , Liu , S. , Liu, H. and Liu, Z. 2010. Evaluation of the combined toxicity of 15 pesticides by uniform design. Pest Management Science, 66(8): 879-887.
References
Amweg, E.L., Weaton, D.P. and Ureda, N.M . 2005. Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California,USA. Environonment Toxicology and Chemistry , 24 : 966-972.
Ashauer, R. , Boxall, A. B. A. and Brown , C. D. 2006. Predicting effects on aquatic organisms from fluctuating or pulsed exposure to pesticides. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25 (11) : 1899.
Ashauer, R., Boxall , A. B. A. and Brown ,C. D. 2007c. Modeling combined effects of pulsed exposure to carbaryl and chlorpyrifos on Gammarus pulex. Environmental Science and Technology, 41(15): 5535-5541.
Aydin, R., Koprucu, R., Dorucu, M., Koprucu, S. S. and Pala, M. 2005. Acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin on the common carp Cyprinus carpio embryos and larvae Aquaculture International , 13(5) : 451-458
Belden , J . B . and Lydy, M. J. 2006. Joint toxicity of chlorpyrifos and esfenvalerate to fathead minnows and midge larvae. Environonment Toxicology and Chemistry , 25: 623–629.
Colovic, M. B., Krstic , D. Z. , Uscumlic, G.S. and Vasic ,V. M . 2011. Single and simultaneous exposure of acetyl cholinesterase to diazinon, chlorpyrifos and their photodegradation products. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology ,100(1): 16-22.
Das, B.K. and Mukherjee, S. C. 2000. A histopathological study of carp Labeo rohita exposed to hexachlorocyclohexane. Veterinarski Archives ,70(4) 169-180
Glaser, A. 2006. Threatened waters.Turning the tide on pesticide contamination. Beyond pesticides, 1(2): 2-5.
Groner, M.L. and Relyea, R.A. 2011. A tale of two pesticides: How common insecticides affect aquatic communities. Freshwater Biology, 6(11): 2391-2404.
Humanson, G. L (4th ed ) 1979. Animal tissue technique .WH Freeman and Company San Francisco, USA pp 3-63.
ICMR Bulletin, 2001. Pesticide pollution.Trends and perspective, 3(1) : 1-12.
Johal, M. S., Sharma , M. L. and Ravneet . 2007. Impact of low dose of organophosphate monocrotophos on the epithelial cells of gills of Cyprinus carpio communis Linn –SEM study. Journal of Environmental Biology , 28(3) : 653-667 .
Kamrin, M. A. 1997 .Pesticide Profiles Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate; Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida; pp 147- 152.
Laetz, C. A., Baldwin, D. H., Collier, T. K., Hebert, V., Stark, J. D., Scholz,N. L. 2009. The Synergistic Toxicity of Pesticide Mixtures: Implications for Risk Assessment and the Conservation of Endangered Pacific Salmon. Environmental Health Perspectives 117(3): 348-353.
Laskowski, D.A. 2002. Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Review of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 174 : 49-170
Navaraj ,P. S. and Yasmin, J. 2012. Toxicological evaluation of tannery industry waste water on Oreochromis mossambicus. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology , 6(9) : 331-336
Norgaard, K. B. and Cedergreen, N. 2010. Pesticide cocktails can interact synergistically on aquatic crustaceans. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 17(4): 957-967
Olmstead, A. W. and LeBlanc , G. A. 2005. Toxicity assessment of environmentally relevant pollutant mixtures using a heuristic model. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 1: 114–122.
Olojo , E. A., Olurin, K. B., Mbaka, G. and Oluwemimo, A. D . 2005. Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 : 117-122
Pereira ,J. L., Mendes, C. D. and Goncalves F. 2009. Acute and chronic effects of a mixture of formulated pesticides and its corresponding active ingredients in Daphnia magna. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin , 18(7b) : 1281-1288.
Randall, D. J. 1990. Control and coordination of gas exchange in water breathers. Advances in Comparative Environmental Physiology , 6 : 253-278
Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Chlorpyrifos; 2006 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC.
Relyea ,R. A. 2009. A cocktail of contaminants: how mixtures of pesticides at low concentrations affect aquatic communities. Oecologia , 159(2): 363-376.
Roberts, R. J. (1st ed) 1978. The pathophysiology and systemic pathology of teleosts and laboratory methods.In : Fish Pathology . Bailliere Tindall London ,UK , pp 235-246
Sprague, J . B . 1973 .Measurement of pollutant toxicology of fish.Sublethal effects and safe concentration .Water Research , 5 : 245-266
Tilak, K. S., Veeraiah and Koteeswara Rao, 2005b. Biochemical changes induced by chlorpyrifos an organophosphate compound in sublethal concentrations to freshwater fish Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. Journal of Environmental Biology, 26 : 341-347
Van der Oost , R. , Beyer, J. and Vermeulen , N.P.E. 2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmocology, 13 : 57-149
Wang , C . , Lu , G. , Cui , J. and Wang , P. 2009a. Sublethal effects of pesticide mixtures on selected biomarkers of Carassius auratus. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology , 28(3): 414-419.
Zhang, Y. , Liu , S. , Liu, H. and Liu, Z. 2010. Evaluation of the combined toxicity of 15 pesticides by uniform design. Pest Management Science, 66(8): 879-887.