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Abstract
Untreated (or partially treated) effluents are capable of polluting a receiving water body. An environmental audit of the Benin river adjacent to a lubricating oil producing factory was carried out. Dry and rainy seasons effluent and water samples were collected for two years (water samples from seven sampling stations i.e. two upstream and five downstream). Physicochemical variables (including oil variables) were analyzed by standard methods and toxic metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Important results include Oil and Grease (2270±480 µgl-1), total petroleum hydrocarbon (2010±340 µgl-1), Pb (146±55 µgl-1), Ni (1880±630 µgl-1) and pH (6.02±0.09). Some of these variables and metals exceeded guidelines values for drinking water quality. Water is polluted and needs to be rigorously treated before use for drinking purpose.
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References
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- Akporido, S. O. and Moseri, E.M., 2009.An assessment of effluent quality from Michelin factory Utagbe-Uno and water quality of the receiving Adofi River, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Physical Science, 5(1): 125 – 132.
- Akporido, S.O., Emuobonuvie, J. and Akporido, C.E., 2000. Study of the quality characteristics of surface and underground water in Sapele and Ogharefe Oil Producing areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment,2:17 – 22
- Allens, S.E., 1989. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
- APHA – AWWA – WEF, 1995.Standard methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater.American Public Health Association – American Water Works Association – Water Environment Federation. New York
- Asonye, C.C., Okolie, N.P., Okenwa, E.E. and Iwuayanwu, U.G., 2007. Some physical characteristics and heavy metal profiles of Nigerian rivers, streams and water ways.African Journal.of Biotechnology,6 (5): 617 – 624
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- GESAMP., 1993. Impacts of Oil and related Chemicals and Wastes in the Marine environment. London U.K.Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) Reports and Studies: No 50 International Marine Organization
- Horsefall, M. Jr. and Spiff, A. I., 2002. Distribution and partitioning of trace metals in sediment of lower reaches of the New Calabarriver, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Environental Monitoring and Assessment, 78(3), 309 – 326
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- Kocasoy, G., 2003. Environmental exploitation of hazardous wastes by developing countries. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 4 (3):587 – 593
- Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. and Politano, E., 2006. Effects of habitat alteration caused by petrochemical activities and oil spills on the habitat use and interspecific relationships among four species of afrotropical freshwater turtles. Biodiversity.and Conservation.15 (11): 3756-3767
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- OdokumaL.O. and Okpokwasili, G.C., 2004 Seasonal ecology of hydrocarbon-utilizing microbes in the surface waters of a river.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 27(3), 175-191
- Olajire, A.A., Altenburger, R., Kuster, E. and Brack, W.,2005. Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated sediments of Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria, Science.of the Total Environment, 340 (1 – 3), 123 – 136
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- Onianwa, P.C., Ipeayeda, A. and Emurotu, J.E. (2001).Water quality of the urban rivers and streams of Ibadan Nigeria.Environmental Education and Information, 20 (2):107 – 120.
- Otukunefor, T.V. and Obiukwu, C., 2005. Impact of Refinery effluent on thephysicochemical properties of awater body in the Niger Delta. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3(1): 61
- Prati, L. Pavenello, R. and Pesaria,F.,1971. Assessment of Surface Water quality by a single index pollution,water Research, 5, 741-751
- Puyate, Y. T., Rim-Rukeh, A. and Awatefe, S. I., 2007. Metal pollution assessment and particle size distribution of bottom sediment of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science Research, Research 3(12): 2056 – 2061
- Sayre, I.M. International standards for drinking water, 1998. J. of Wat.Works Assoc., 88 (1), 1 – 5) .
- Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) (2007). Nigeria Standard for drinking water quality retrieved 09/08/2008 from http://www.unicef/ng/nigeria-publications-Nigeria.
- United Nation Development Programme (UNDP), 2006. Niger Delta Human Development.http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/africa/nigeria/name,3368,en.html. 09/19/2011
- United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), 2011. Environmental assessment of Ogoniland.United 39. Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi
- USEPA, 2004. Drinking water standards and health advisories.Retrieved 29/08/2007 from <http://www.epagerwaterscience.
- Uzoekwe, S. A. and Oghosanine, F. A., 2011.The effect of refinery and petrochemical effluent on water quality of Ubeji Creek, Warri, southern Nigeria.Ethopian Journal of Environmental studies and Management,4 (2): 107 – 116
- Vander Leeden, F., Troise, F.L., and Todd, D.K. 1990, The water Encyclopaedia. Second Edition. Chelsea. Lewis Publishers
- Wegwu, M.O. and Akininwor, J.O., 2006. Assessment of heavy metal profile of the New Calabar River and its impact on juvenile Clariasgariepinu. Chemistry and Biodiversity.,3(1): 79 – 87
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References
Akporido, S. O. and Imah, C.E., 2009. Estimation of pH, total concentration of selected heavy metals in soil and speciation studies of the metals in soil of an auto-mechanic village in Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Physical Sciences, 5 (2): 14 – 19
Akporido, S. O. and Moseri, E.M., 2009.An assessment of effluent quality from Michelin factory Utagbe-Uno and water quality of the receiving Adofi River, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Research in Physical Science, 5(1): 125 – 132.
Akporido, S.O., Emuobonuvie, J. and Akporido, C.E., 2000. Study of the quality characteristics of surface and underground water in Sapele and Ogharefe Oil Producing areas of Delta State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment,2:17 – 22
Allens, S.E., 1989. Chemical Analysis of Ecological Materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
APHA – AWWA – WEF, 1995.Standard methods for the examination of Water and Wastewater.American Public Health Association – American Water Works Association – Water Environment Federation. New York
Asonye, C.C., Okolie, N.P., Okenwa, E.E. and Iwuayanwu, U.G., 2007. Some physical characteristics and heavy metal profiles of Nigerian rivers, streams and water ways.African Journal.of Biotechnology,6 (5): 617 – 624
Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers (CCREM), 1987 Canadian Water Quality Guidelines. Canadian Council of Resources and Environment Ministers. Winnipeg Canada
Courant, R., Powel, B. And Micheal, J., 1987. Water – type classification for Niger Delta. In proceedings of 1985 Seminar on the Petroleum Industry and the Nigerian Environment.The Petroleum inspectorate, NNPC and Environment Planning Division Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, Lagos. 387p
Davies, G.A., Allison, M.E. and Uyi, A.S., 2006.Bioaccumulation of heavy metal in water, sediment and periwinkles (Tympanotonousfuscatusvar radula) from the Elechi creek, Niger Delta. African J. of Biotech., 5 (10), 968 – 975 .
Davies, O. A. and Abowei, J. F. N., 2009. Sediment quality of lower reaches of Okpoka Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria, European J. of sci. Res., 26 (3), 437 – 442
Directorate of Land and Survey, 2000. Map of Warri North Local Government Area, .Delta State, Nigeria. Directorate of Land and Survey, Delta State, Nigeria DPR, Effluent guidelines, Department of Petroleum Resources, Victoria Island Lagos, Nigeria (2002).
Ekpo, B. O., Oyo-Ita, O. E., Oros, D. R. and Simoneit, B. R. T., 2012. Distribution and sources of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from Cross River estuary S. E. Niger Delta, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184 (2): 1037 – 1047
FEPA, 1991.National guidelines and Standards.FEPA (Now Federal Ministry of Environment Nigeria), P.M.B. 265 GarkiF.C.T. Abuja Nigeria).
Forstner, U. and Whittman, G.T.W., 1983. Metals in the aquatic environment. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo
GESAMP., 1993. Impacts of Oil and related Chemicals and Wastes in the Marine environment. London U.K.Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution (GESAMP) Reports and Studies: No 50 International Marine Organization
Horsefall, M. Jr. and Spiff, A. I., 2002. Distribution and partitioning of trace metals in sediment of lower reaches of the New Calabarriver, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Environental Monitoring and Assessment, 78(3), 309 – 326
Iwegbue, C. M. A., William, E. S. and Nwajei, G. E., 2008. Characteristic levels of total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil profiles of automobile mechanic waste dumps, International. Journal of Soil Science, 3: 48–51
Kocasoy, G., 2003. Environmental exploitation of hazardous wastes by developing countries. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 4 (3):587 – 593
Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C. and Politano, E., 2006. Effects of habitat alteration caused by petrochemical activities and oil spills on the habitat use and interspecific relationships among four species of afrotropical freshwater turtles. Biodiversity.and Conservation.15 (11): 3756-3767
Luiselli, L., Akani, G. C., Politan O. E., Odegbune, E.,2004. and Bello, O., Dietary shift of sympatric freshwater turtle in pristine and oil-polluted habitats of the Niger Delta Southern Nigeria. Herpetologica Journal, 14(2), 57-64
National Research Council (NRC), 2003. Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, fates and effects. National Academic Press Washington D. C. 265 pp
Nayar, S., Goh, B. P. L. And Chou, L. M., 2004. The impact of petroleum hydrocarbons (diesel) on periphyton in an impacted tropical estuary based on insitu microcosm. J. of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 32(2):213– 232
Nduka, J. K., Orisakwe, O. E. and Ezenwa, T. E., 2009.Effect of effluents from Warri refinery and petrochemical company on water and soil qualities of “Contiguous host and impacted on communities of Delta state, Nigeria.The open Environmental.and Toxicological Journal, 1: 11 – 17
Nduka, J. K..andOrisakwe, O. E., 2011. Water – quality issues in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: A look at heavy metal levels and some physicochemical properties. Environmental Science.and Pollution Research, 18 (2): 237 – 246
Nwilo, P.C and Badejo, O.T., 2007 Comps, impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the Nigerian coastal areas. Retrieved 20/05/2007 from http://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub36/Chapters/chapter8 pdf
Obire, O., Tamuno, D.C. and Wemedo, S.A., 2003.Physico-chemical quality of Elechi creek in Port Harcourt. Journal of Applied Science and Environnmental Management,7 (1): 43 – 49
OdokumaL.O. and Okpokwasili, G.C., 2004 Seasonal ecology of hydrocarbon-utilizing microbes in the surface waters of a river.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 27(3), 175-191
Olajire, A.A., Altenburger, R., Kuster, E. and Brack, W.,2005. Chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated sediments of Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria, Science.of the Total Environment, 340 (1 – 3), 123 – 136
Omo-Irabor, O. O., Olobaniyi, S. B., Akunma, J., Venus, V., Maina, J. M. and Paradzayi, C., 2011.Mangrove vulnerability modelling in parts of Western Niger Delta, Nigeria using satellite images, GIS techniques and spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 178 (1 – 4): 39 – 51
Onianwa, P.C., Ipeayeda, A. and Emurotu, J.E. (2001).Water quality of the urban rivers and streams of Ibadan Nigeria.Environmental Education and Information, 20 (2):107 – 120.
Otukunefor, T.V. and Obiukwu, C., 2005. Impact of Refinery effluent on thephysicochemical properties of awater body in the Niger Delta. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3(1): 61
Prati, L. Pavenello, R. and Pesaria,F.,1971. Assessment of Surface Water quality by a single index pollution,water Research, 5, 741-751
Puyate, Y. T., Rim-Rukeh, A. and Awatefe, S. I., 2007. Metal pollution assessment and particle size distribution of bottom sediment of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science Research, Research 3(12): 2056 – 2061
Sayre, I.M. International standards for drinking water, 1998. J. of Wat.Works Assoc., 88 (1), 1 – 5) .
Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) (2007). Nigeria Standard for drinking water quality retrieved 09/08/2008 from http://www.unicef/ng/nigeria-publications-Nigeria.
United Nation Development Programme (UNDP), 2006. Niger Delta Human Development.http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/africa/nigeria/name,3368,en.html. 09/19/2011
United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), 2011. Environmental assessment of Ogoniland.United 39. Nation Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi
USEPA, 2004. Drinking water standards and health advisories.Retrieved 29/08/2007 from <http://www.epagerwaterscience.
Uzoekwe, S. A. and Oghosanine, F. A., 2011.The effect of refinery and petrochemical effluent on water quality of Ubeji Creek, Warri, southern Nigeria.Ethopian Journal of Environmental studies and Management,4 (2): 107 – 116
Vander Leeden, F., Troise, F.L., and Todd, D.K. 1990, The water Encyclopaedia. Second Edition. Chelsea. Lewis Publishers
Wegwu, M.O. and Akininwor, J.O., 2006. Assessment of heavy metal profile of the New Calabar River and its impact on juvenile Clariasgariepinu. Chemistry and Biodiversity.,3(1): 79 – 87
WHO, 2006.WHO’s drinking water standards 2006. Retrieved 09/08/2009 from http://www.lenntech.com/WHO’s-drinking-water-standards06.htm.
Williams, A. B. and Benson, N. U., 2010 Interseasonal hydrological characteristics and variabilities in surface water of tropical estuarine ecosystems within Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environ. Monit.and Assess., 165 (1 – 4), 399 – 404 .