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Abstract
Human injury and death caused by wild elephants are most severe manifestations and very crucial aspects of human-elephant conflict. In the present study survey has been carried out in the fringe villages around Bandipur National Park, Karnataka, in the year 2013 (Jan-May) to study human injury and death. Available forest department records on human fatalities from 2001 to 2012 have been incorporated during analysis. The present investigation revealed, twenty seven human death and twenty one injuries, of the 48 victims, 38 were males and 10 were females. Male victims, were aged between 21-70 years, females were between 25 - 60 years old. Casualties by elephants for men was higher than female, about 79% of these incidents were caused by bulls. Distance traveled by the elephant and number of conflict incidents found to be negatively correlated. People have been killed or injured by elephants include farmers (53%), grazers (18%), dwellers (11%), laboures (16%), etc., 54% incidents had occurred in and around the farmlands and more number of incidents usually have been reported at night. Totally over rupees 37 lakhs has been paid as compensation for these deaths and injuries that have occurred in between 2001 and 2012. Forest department has to initiate steps to avoid reoccurrence of such incidents in the future.
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References
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References
ANCF., 2011. Asian Nature Conservation Foundation Management plan for the Elephants in Bandipur Tiger Reserve.
Chambers, R., 1994. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): analysis of experience. World Development, 22:1253-1268.
Chowdhury, S. Khalid, M. A. Roy, M. Singh, A.K. and Singh, R. R., 1997. Management ofelephant populations in West Bengal for mitigating man-elephant conflicts. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India.
Das, S. K. and Chattopadhyay., 2011. Human fatalities from wild elephant attacks – A study of fourteen cases. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 18:154-157.
Datye, H.S. and Bhagawat, A.M., 1993b. Estimation of crop damage and the economic loss caused by elephants and its implications in the management of elephants. (J.C. Daniel and H.S. Datye (eds.), Bombay Natural History Society/Oxford University Press, Bombay. pp: 375-388.
Datye, H. S. and Bhagawat, A. M., 1995. Home range of elephants in fragmented habitats of Central India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 92: 1-10.
Datye, H.S. and Bhagawat, A.M., 1995c. Man-elephant conflict: a case study of human deaths caused by elephants in parts of central India. In: A Week with Elephants: J.C. Daniel and H.S. Datye (eds.), Bombay Natural History Society/Oxford University Press, Bombay. pp:340-349.
de Silva, M., 1998. Status and conservation of the elephant (Elephas maximus) and the alleviation of man-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka. Gajah,19: 1-68.
Douglas-Hamilton, I. Krink, T. and Vollrath, F., 2005. Movement and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas, Naturwissenschaften,92: 158- 163.
Durrheim, D. M., 1999. Risk to tourists posed by wild mammals in South Africa. J Travel Med, 6: 172-179.
Elephant news India, 2010 Available from elephantsindia.blogspot.com
Foley, L.S., 2002. The influence of environmental factors and human activity on elephant distribution in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania. Masters Thesis submitted to International Insitute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, The Netherlands.
Hoare, R.E. 2001a. A decision support system for managing human-elephant conflictsituations in Africa.
Jayewardene, J., 1993a. Elephant conservation problems in Sri Lanka’s Mahaweli River basin. In A week with elephants: J.C. Daniel and S. H. Datye (eds.), Proceedings of the International Seminar on Asian elephants. Bombay Natural History Society. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. pp: 185-196.
Kaltenborn, B. P. Bjerke, T. and Nyahongo, J., 2006. Living with problem animals – self reporting fear of potentially dangerous species in the Serengeti region of Tanzania. Human Dimensions of Wildlife,11: 397–409.
Kumar, S. R., 1995. Study of a peripheral population of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): Interaction with habitats and people in Hosur and Dharmapuri Forest Divisions, Tamil Nadu, South India. Final Report, Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay. pp 167-239
Kuriyan, R., 2002. Linking local perceptions of elephants and conservation: Samburu pastoralists in Northern Kenya. Society and Natural Resources,15: 949-957.
Leggat, P. A., Durrheim, D. N. and Braack. L., 2001. Travelling in wildlife reserves in South Africa. Journal of Travel Medicine, 8: 41–45.
Madhusudan, M. D., 2003. Living amidst large wildlife: livestock and crop depredation by large mammals in the interior villages of Bhadra Tiger Reserve, South India. Environmental Management, 31: 466-475.
Malima, C., Hoare, R. and Blanc. J., 2005. Systematic recording of human–elephant conflict: a case study in south-eastern Tanzania. Pachyderm,38: 29–38.
Nanjappa, V., 2010. Elephant mating game. www.oranfecountry.in/kabini/elephantmatinggame.
Nath, C. D. and Sukumar, R., 1998. Elephant-human conflict in Kodagu: southern India. Asian Elephant Research and Conservation Centre, Bangalore.
Naughton, L., Rose, R. and Treves, A., 1999. The social dimensions of human-elephant conflict in Africa: A literature review and case studies from Uganda and Cameroon. A report to the African Elephant Specialist Group, Human-Elephant Conflict Task Force of IUCN, Glands, Switzerland.
Nel, P., 2004. Elephant management in Madikwe Game Reserve – conceptualization of a future approach. Paper presented at the EMOA Elephant Symposium, 13-16 October 2004, Bakgatla, Pilanesberg National Park.
Santiapillai, C and de Silva, M., 1994. An action plan for the conservation and management of elephant (Elephas maximus) in Sri Lanka.
Santipillai, C., Wijeyamohan, S., Bandara,G., Athurupana, R. and Dissanayake, N., 2010. An assessment of the human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka. Cey. J. Sc, 39:21-33.
Sitati, N. W., Walpole, M. J., Smith, R. J. and Leader-Williams, N., 2003. Predicting spatial aspects of human- elephant conflict. Journal of Applied Ecology., 40: 667-677.
Sukumar, R., 1989. The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Sukumar, R. ,1989a. The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sukumar, R., 2003. The Living Elephants: evolutionary, ecology, behavior, and conservation. Oxford University Press, New York.
Tchamba, M.N., 1995. The problem elephants of Kaele: a challenge for elephant conservation in northern Cameroon. Pachyderm, 19: 26-31.
Tchamba, M.N., 1996. History and present status of the human/elephant conflict in the Waza-Logone region, Cameroon, West Africa. Biological Conservation, 75: 35 – 41.
Thirgood, S., Woodroffe, R. and Rabinowitz . A., 2005. The impact of human-wildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods. In: Thirgood, S., Woodroffe, R. and Rabinowitz . A Book (eds.), People and wildlife: conflict or coexistence? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp:13–26.
Thouless, C.R., 1994. Conflict between humans and elephants on private land in northern Kenya. Oryx,28: 119-127.
Treves, A., 2007. Balancing the needs of people and wildlife: when wildlife damage crops and prey on livestock. http://www.ies.wisc.edu/ltc/live/Translinks/!ltcbrief7- human%20wildlife%20conflict.pdf [Accessed May 15, 2008].
Williams, A.C. and Johansingh, A. J. T., 1996a. Status survey of elephants, their habitats and assessment of elephant-human conflict in Garo hills, Meghalaya. Final report. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.