Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study analyses water quality parameters in the Kuwano River, Basti district, using correlation and regression analysis to establish relationships between variables and provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing water quality. Kuwano is the main river that flows through Basti city. The water samples were collected at three locations. The values of different physicochemical parameters of the river water sample were found to be dependent on the hydrology of the area. The pH was strongly associated with TDS (r = 0.885), DO (r = 0.744), COD (r = 0.969), TH (r = 0.806), and Mg (r = 0.944). The biological oxygen demand (BOD) (-0.345), nitrate (-0.235), and calcium (-0.128) exhibited an inverse correlation with total dissolved solids (TDS), whereas nitrate and calcium had a positive correlation with all other physicochemical parameters. The mean TDS value of the river water sample (81.2) was within the permissible limit for drinking water. The total coliform counts established a negative correlation with most of the parameters studied, e.g., dissolved oxygen (-0.628), BOD (-0.983), chemical oxygen demand (-0.194), total hardness (-0.549), nitrate (-0.955), Ca (-0.918) and Mg (-0.279). The study's findings may provide practical information for decision making in river pollution management.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Environment Conservation Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Agnieszka, R., Bialik, R. J., Karpinski, M. & Luk, B. (2014): Dissolved Oxygen in Rivers: Concepts and Measuring Techniques. In: Achievements, History and Challenges in Geophysics, Geo Planet: Earth and Planetary Sciences (pp.337-350), Springer Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07599-0_19
- Ahamad, F. Bhutiani, R. & Ruhela, M. (2022). Environmental Quality Monitoring Using Environmental Quality Indices (EQI), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Remote Sensing: A Review. GIScience for the Sustainable Management of Water Resources, 331. (Chapter number-18, pp.331-348, ISBN ebook: 9781003284512). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003284512-21
- APHA (2005). Standard Methods for the examination of water & west water. American Public Health Association, New Yark, USA, 21st Edition.
- Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03), 503-512.
- Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ram, K. (2021). Quality assessment of groundwater at laksar block, haridwar in uttarakhand, India using water quality index: a case study. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 197-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2435
- Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ruhela, M. (2021). Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 88-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2421
- Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V., & Ram, K. (2018). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(1&2), 191-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228
- Bojago, E., Tyagi, I., Ahamad, F., & Chandniha, S. K. (2023). GIS based spatial-temporal distribution of water quality parameters and heavy metals in drinking water: Ecological and health modelling. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 103399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2023.103399
- Bu, X., Dai, H., Yuan, S., Zhu, Q., Li, X., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., & Wen, Z. (2021). Model-Based Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen Supply to Aquifers within Riparian Zones during River Level Fluctuations: Dynamics and Influencing Factors. J. Hydrology, 598(1-2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126460
- Chaubey, S. & Patil, M. K. (2015). Correlation Study and Regression Analysis of Water Quality Assessment of Nagpur City, India. Int. J. of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(11), 753-757.
- Gajendran, C., Jayapriya, S., Yohannan, D., Victor, V., & Jacob, C. (2013). Assessment of groundwater quality in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Environmental Science, 3(6), 1874-1880.
- Ghildyal, D. (2018). Statistical Analysis of Coliforms and BOD Levels in Hindon River at Meerut: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Lakes and Rivers, 11, 13-28.
- Heydari, M. M., Abbasi, A., Rohani, S. M., & Hosseini, S. M. A. (2013). Correlation Study and Regression Analysis of Drinking Water Quality in Kashan City, Iran. Walailak J Sci & Tech,10(3), 315-324.
- Hondzo, M., Voller, V. R., Morris, M., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., Finlay, J., Ganti, V., & Power, M. E. (2013). Estimating and scaling stream ecosystem metabolism along channels with heterogeneous substrate. Ecohydrology, 6, 679–688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1391
- Ismail, A. H., Abed, B. S., & Shahla, N. (2014). Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the surface water quality assessment of Tigris River at Baghdad stretch. Iraq Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences, 22(2), 450-462.
- Khan, M. A., Lang, M., Shahid, S., Shaukat, A., & Baloch, T. (2014). Water quality assessment of Hingol River, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 19(2), 306-313.
- Khatoon, N., Khan, A. H., Rehman, M., Vinay, & Pathak, V. (2013). Correlation Study for the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of Ganga River, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 5(3), 80-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-0538090
- Kuruppu, U., Rahman, A., Haque, M., & Sathasivan, A. (2013, December 1-6). Water quality investigation in the Hawkesbury-Nepean River in Sydney using Principal Component Analysis. Adapting To Change: The Multiple Roles of Modeling: Proceedings of the 20th International Congress on Modeling and Simulation (Modsim2013), Adelaide, South Australia, 2646-2652. http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim2013/
- Lee, A. H. & Nikraz, H. (2015). BOD: COD Ratio as an Indicator for River Pollution. Int. Proce. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, 88, 89-94.
- Ling, T., Gerunsin, N., Soo, C., Nyanti, L., Sim, S., & Grinang, J. (2017a). Seasonal Changes and Spatial Variation in Water Quality of a Large Young Tropical Reservoir and Its Downstream River. Journal of Chemistry, 17: 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8153246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8153246
- Ling, T., Soo, C., Liew, J., Nyanti, L., Sim, S., & Grinang, J. (2017). Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Evaluation of Surface River Water Quality of a Tropical River. Journal of Chemistry. 2017, 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5737452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5737452
- Maghanga, J. K., Kituyi, J. L., Kisinyo, P. O., & Ng’etich, W. K. (2013). Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications on Surface Water Nitrate Levels within a Kenyan Tea Plantation. J. Chemistry, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/196516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/196516
- Meera, S., & Nandan, S. B. (2010). Water quality status and Primary productivity of Valanthakad Backwater in Kerala. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(1), 105-113.
- Murali, K., Uma, R. N., & Jerin, C. F. (2015). Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Quality Parameters in Coimbatore South Taluk - Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu (India). Int. J. of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 8(4), 1767-1772.
- Nemade, P. N. & Srivastav, V. S. (1997). Correlation and regression analysis among the COD and BOD of industrial effluent. Pollution Research. 23(1), 187-188.
- Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Wu, Q. T., Shinde, D., Huang C.H. (2006). Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality. Water Research, 40(20), 3800-3810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.030
- Pal, M., Samal, N. R., Roy, P. K., & Roy, M. B. (2015). Electrical Conductivity of Lake Water as Environmental Monitoring – A Case Study of Rudrasagar Lake, Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9(3), 66-71. www.iosrjournals.org
- Panchagnula, S. (2016). Estimation of Nitrates in Water Sample by Colorimetry and Potentiometry - A Comparative Study. Int. J. Trend in Research and Development, 3(2), 226-227.
- Potasznik, A. K., & Szymczyk, S. (2015). Magnesium and Calcium Concentrations in the Surface Water and bottom Deposits of a River-Lake System. J. of Elementology, 20(3), 677-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2014.19.4.788
- Prambudy, H., Supriyatin, T., & Setiawan, F. (2019). The testing of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of river water. J. Phys. Conf. Ser, 1360, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1360/1/012010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1360/1/012010
- Qiong, Y. (2009). Simultaneous Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in Wastewater by Near-Infrared Spectrometry, J. Water Resource and Protection, 4, 286-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2009.14035
- Rao, V. V. N., & Naga, P. (2005). Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality Parameters in an Industrial area of Hyderabad. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 4, 139-142.
- Rizvi, N., Katyal, D., & Joshi V. (2015). Assessment of water quality of Hindon River in Ghaziabad and Noida, India, using Multivariate statistical methods. J. of Global Ecology and Environment, 3(2), 80-90.
- Ruhela, M., Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Khanna, D. R. (2019). Impact of Hindon River Water on Selected Riparian Flora (Azadirachta Indica and Acacia Nilotica) with special Reference to Heavy Metals. Pollution, 5(4), 749-760.
- Saha, K. C., Dikshit, A. K., & Bandyopadhyay, M. A. (1999). A review of arsenic poisoning and its effect on human health. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 29, 281–313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389991259227
- Saxena, U., & Saxena, S. (2015). Correlation Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Quality Assessment of Ground Water of Bassi Tehsil of District Jaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of Environment, Science and Technology, 1(1), 78-91.
- Schreiber, S. G., Schreiber, S., Tanna, R. N., Roberts, D. R. & Arciszewski, T. J. (2022). Statistical tools for water quality assessment and monitoring in river ecosystems – a scoping review and recommendations for data analysis. Water Quality Research Journal, 57(1), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2022.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2022.028
- Sengupta, P. (2013). Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(8), 866-875.
- Sharma, P., & Gupta, S. (2014). Study of amount of Oxygen (BOD, OD, COD) in water and their effect on fishes, American Intern. J. of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 7(1), 53-58.
- Shyamala, R., Shanthi, M., & Lalitha, P. (2008). Physicochemical Analysis of Borewell Water Samples of Telungupalayam Area in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nādu, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 5, 924-929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/152383
- Singh, A. K., Kumari, A. & Bhatta, S. K. (2017). Comparative study of microbiological and physico-chemical parameters of abandoned coal void of Jharkhand, India, Intern. J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(5), 252-257.
- Sivaraja, R., & Nagarajan, K. (2014). Levels of Indicator Microorganisms (Total and Fecal Coliforms) in Surface waters of rivers Cauvery and Bhavani for Circuitously predicting the Pollution load and Pathogenic risks. International Journal of Pharm. Tech. Research. 6(2), 455-461.
- Trivedi, R. K., & Goel, P. K. (1984): Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies. Environmental Publications, Karad, (India).
- Tyagi, S., Dubey, R. C., Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Multivariate Statistical analysis of river ganga water at Rishikesh and Haridwar, India. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2), 195-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2020.1756405
- Yogendra, K. & Puttaiah, E.T. (2008). Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban water body in Shimoga town, Karnataka. In Sengupta, M. & Dalwani, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th world lake conference (pp342-346). ResearchGate.
- Zhong, M., Liu, S., Li, K., Jiang, H., Jiang, T., & Tang, G. (2021). Modeling Spatial Patterns of Dissolved Oxygen and the Impact Mechanisms in a Cascade River. Front. Environ. Sci, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.781646 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.781646
References
Agnieszka, R., Bialik, R. J., Karpinski, M. & Luk, B. (2014): Dissolved Oxygen in Rivers: Concepts and Measuring Techniques. In: Achievements, History and Challenges in Geophysics, Geo Planet: Earth and Planetary Sciences (pp.337-350), Springer Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07599-0_19
Ahamad, F. Bhutiani, R. & Ruhela, M. (2022). Environmental Quality Monitoring Using Environmental Quality Indices (EQI), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Remote Sensing: A Review. GIScience for the Sustainable Management of Water Resources, 331. (Chapter number-18, pp.331-348, ISBN ebook: 9781003284512). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003284512-21
APHA (2005). Standard Methods for the examination of water & west water. American Public Health Association, New Yark, USA, 21st Edition.
Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03), 503-512.
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ram, K. (2021). Quality assessment of groundwater at laksar block, haridwar in uttarakhand, India using water quality index: a case study. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 197-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2435
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ruhela, M. (2021). Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 88-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2421
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V., & Ram, K. (2018). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(1&2), 191-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228
Bojago, E., Tyagi, I., Ahamad, F., & Chandniha, S. K. (2023). GIS based spatial-temporal distribution of water quality parameters and heavy metals in drinking water: Ecological and health modelling. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 103399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2023.103399
Bu, X., Dai, H., Yuan, S., Zhu, Q., Li, X., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., & Wen, Z. (2021). Model-Based Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen Supply to Aquifers within Riparian Zones during River Level Fluctuations: Dynamics and Influencing Factors. J. Hydrology, 598(1-2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126460
Chaubey, S. & Patil, M. K. (2015). Correlation Study and Regression Analysis of Water Quality Assessment of Nagpur City, India. Int. J. of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(11), 753-757.
Gajendran, C., Jayapriya, S., Yohannan, D., Victor, V., & Jacob, C. (2013). Assessment of groundwater quality in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. International Journal of Environmental Science, 3(6), 1874-1880.
Ghildyal, D. (2018). Statistical Analysis of Coliforms and BOD Levels in Hindon River at Meerut: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Lakes and Rivers, 11, 13-28.
Heydari, M. M., Abbasi, A., Rohani, S. M., & Hosseini, S. M. A. (2013). Correlation Study and Regression Analysis of Drinking Water Quality in Kashan City, Iran. Walailak J Sci & Tech,10(3), 315-324.
Hondzo, M., Voller, V. R., Morris, M., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., Finlay, J., Ganti, V., & Power, M. E. (2013). Estimating and scaling stream ecosystem metabolism along channels with heterogeneous substrate. Ecohydrology, 6, 679–688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1391
Ismail, A. H., Abed, B. S., & Shahla, N. (2014). Application of multivariate statistical techniques in the surface water quality assessment of Tigris River at Baghdad stretch. Iraq Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences, 22(2), 450-462.
Khan, M. A., Lang, M., Shahid, S., Shaukat, A., & Baloch, T. (2014). Water quality assessment of Hingol River, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 19(2), 306-313.
Khatoon, N., Khan, A. H., Rehman, M., Vinay, & Pathak, V. (2013). Correlation Study for the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of Ganga River, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 5(3), 80-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/5736-0538090
Kuruppu, U., Rahman, A., Haque, M., & Sathasivan, A. (2013, December 1-6). Water quality investigation in the Hawkesbury-Nepean River in Sydney using Principal Component Analysis. Adapting To Change: The Multiple Roles of Modeling: Proceedings of the 20th International Congress on Modeling and Simulation (Modsim2013), Adelaide, South Australia, 2646-2652. http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim2013/
Lee, A. H. & Nikraz, H. (2015). BOD: COD Ratio as an Indicator for River Pollution. Int. Proce. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, 88, 89-94.
Ling, T., Gerunsin, N., Soo, C., Nyanti, L., Sim, S., & Grinang, J. (2017a). Seasonal Changes and Spatial Variation in Water Quality of a Large Young Tropical Reservoir and Its Downstream River. Journal of Chemistry, 17: 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8153246 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8153246
Ling, T., Soo, C., Liew, J., Nyanti, L., Sim, S., & Grinang, J. (2017). Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Evaluation of Surface River Water Quality of a Tropical River. Journal of Chemistry. 2017, 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5737452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5737452
Maghanga, J. K., Kituyi, J. L., Kisinyo, P. O., & Ng’etich, W. K. (2013). Impact of Nitrogen Fertilizer Applications on Surface Water Nitrate Levels within a Kenyan Tea Plantation. J. Chemistry, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/196516 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/196516
Meera, S., & Nandan, S. B. (2010). Water quality status and Primary productivity of Valanthakad Backwater in Kerala. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(1), 105-113.
Murali, K., Uma, R. N., & Jerin, C. F. (2015). Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Quality Parameters in Coimbatore South Taluk - Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu (India). Int. J. of Earth Sciences and Engineering, 8(4), 1767-1772.
Nemade, P. N. & Srivastav, V. S. (1997). Correlation and regression analysis among the COD and BOD of industrial effluent. Pollution Research. 23(1), 187-188.
Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Wu, Q. T., Shinde, D., Huang C.H. (2006). Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality. Water Research, 40(20), 3800-3810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.030
Pal, M., Samal, N. R., Roy, P. K., & Roy, M. B. (2015). Electrical Conductivity of Lake Water as Environmental Monitoring – A Case Study of Rudrasagar Lake, Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9(3), 66-71. www.iosrjournals.org
Panchagnula, S. (2016). Estimation of Nitrates in Water Sample by Colorimetry and Potentiometry - A Comparative Study. Int. J. Trend in Research and Development, 3(2), 226-227.
Potasznik, A. K., & Szymczyk, S. (2015). Magnesium and Calcium Concentrations in the Surface Water and bottom Deposits of a River-Lake System. J. of Elementology, 20(3), 677-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2014.19.4.788
Prambudy, H., Supriyatin, T., & Setiawan, F. (2019). The testing of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) of river water. J. Phys. Conf. Ser, 1360, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1360/1/012010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1360/1/012010
Qiong, Y. (2009). Simultaneous Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in Wastewater by Near-Infrared Spectrometry, J. Water Resource and Protection, 4, 286-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2009.14035
Rao, V. V. N., & Naga, P. (2005). Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality Parameters in an Industrial area of Hyderabad. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 4, 139-142.
Rizvi, N., Katyal, D., & Joshi V. (2015). Assessment of water quality of Hindon River in Ghaziabad and Noida, India, using Multivariate statistical methods. J. of Global Ecology and Environment, 3(2), 80-90.
Ruhela, M., Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Khanna, D. R. (2019). Impact of Hindon River Water on Selected Riparian Flora (Azadirachta Indica and Acacia Nilotica) with special Reference to Heavy Metals. Pollution, 5(4), 749-760.
Saha, K. C., Dikshit, A. K., & Bandyopadhyay, M. A. (1999). A review of arsenic poisoning and its effect on human health. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 29, 281–313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389991259227
Saxena, U., & Saxena, S. (2015). Correlation Study on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Quality Assessment of Ground Water of Bassi Tehsil of District Jaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of Environment, Science and Technology, 1(1), 78-91.
Schreiber, S. G., Schreiber, S., Tanna, R. N., Roberts, D. R. & Arciszewski, T. J. (2022). Statistical tools for water quality assessment and monitoring in river ecosystems – a scoping review and recommendations for data analysis. Water Quality Research Journal, 57(1), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2022.028 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2022.028
Sengupta, P. (2013). Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(8), 866-875.
Sharma, P., & Gupta, S. (2014). Study of amount of Oxygen (BOD, OD, COD) in water and their effect on fishes, American Intern. J. of Research in Formal, Applied & Natural Sciences, 7(1), 53-58.
Shyamala, R., Shanthi, M., & Lalitha, P. (2008). Physicochemical Analysis of Borewell Water Samples of Telungupalayam Area in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nādu, India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 5, 924-929. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/152383
Singh, A. K., Kumari, A. & Bhatta, S. K. (2017). Comparative study of microbiological and physico-chemical parameters of abandoned coal void of Jharkhand, India, Intern. J. of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5(5), 252-257.
Sivaraja, R., & Nagarajan, K. (2014). Levels of Indicator Microorganisms (Total and Fecal Coliforms) in Surface waters of rivers Cauvery and Bhavani for Circuitously predicting the Pollution load and Pathogenic risks. International Journal of Pharm. Tech. Research. 6(2), 455-461.
Trivedi, R. K., & Goel, P. K. (1984): Chemical and Biological Methods for Water Pollution Studies. Environmental Publications, Karad, (India).
Tyagi, S., Dubey, R. C., Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Multivariate Statistical analysis of river ganga water at Rishikesh and Haridwar, India. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2), 195-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2020.1756405
Yogendra, K. & Puttaiah, E.T. (2008). Determination of water quality index and suitability of an urban water body in Shimoga town, Karnataka. In Sengupta, M. & Dalwani, R. (Eds.), Proceedings of Taal 2007: The 12th world lake conference (pp342-346). ResearchGate.
Zhong, M., Liu, S., Li, K., Jiang, H., Jiang, T., & Tang, G. (2021). Modeling Spatial Patterns of Dissolved Oxygen and the Impact Mechanisms in a Cascade River. Front. Environ. Sci, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.781646 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.781646