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Abstract
The application of fertilizers can be optimized to maintain crop yield while reducing the amount of fertilizer input. One way to achieve this is by using soil fertility maps and fertilizer recommendations to regulate fertilizer application. In this study, statistical techniques were employed to analyze the physical-chemical quality of soils in the Gwalior region of Madhya Pradesh. The study involved collecting 95 soil samples (0-15 cm) from four blocks in the Gwalior area using GPS (Bhitarwar, Morar, Ghatigao, and Dabra), and conducting laboratory analyses. The results of the analysis showed that the pH, EC, and OC of the soil samples ranged from 7.10 to 8.90, 0.21 to 0.83 dS/m, and 0.23 to 0.98%, respectively. The soil samples also had varying levels of N, P, and K, with values ranging from 194 to 336, 6.10 to 45.00, and 69.89 to 751.30 kg/ha, respectively. The study revealed significant differences in the physicochemical properties of soil in the study area
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References
- Bhardwaj, S., Khanna, D. R., Ruhela, M., Bhutiani, R., Bhardwaj, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Assessment of the soil quality of Haridwar Uttarakhand India: A comparative study. Environment Conservation Journal, 21(3), 155-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2020.21319
- Boke, S. (2004). Soil phosphorus fractions as influenced by different cropping systems in Andosols and Nitosols in Kembata-Tembaro and Wolayta Zones, SNNPRS. Alemaya University,(AU) Ethiopia.
- Cambule, A. H., Rossiter, D. G., Stoorvogel, J. J., & Smaling, E. M. A. (2014). Soil organic carbon stocks in the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique: Amount, spatial distribution and uncertainty. Geoderma, 213, 46-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.07.015
- Chima, U. D. (2007). Effects of tropical rainforest modification on soil quality of Omo biosphere reserve in Ogun State, Nigeria. Master of Forestry (MF) Dissertation, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria.
- Dilliwar, P., Puri, G., Singh, R., Amule, F. C., & Choudhary, B. K. (2014). To evaluate the soil quality of Kheri series under Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya soil of Maharajpur Farm. In National conference on soil health: A key to unlock and sustain production potential September (pp. 3-4).
- Franzen, D. W., Hopkins, D. H., Sweeney, M. D., Ulmer, M. K., & Halvorson, A. D. (2002). Evaluation of soil survey scale for zone development of site‐specific nitrogen management. Agronomy Journal, 94(2), 381-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.3810
- Jackson, M. L. (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis: Basic Procedures and Instrumental Techniques (No. 5.1 J14). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
- Jackson, M. L. (1967). Soil chemical analysis: advanced course (No. 2nd ed. 7). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
- Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course (No. SSSA-3). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
- Li, X. F., Chen, Z. B., Chen, H. B., & Chen, Z. Q. (2011). Spatial distribution of soil nutrients and their response to land use in eroded area of South China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 14-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.004
- Liu, Z. P., Shao, M. A., & Wang, Y. Q. (2013). Spatial patterns of soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus across the entire Loess Plateau region of China. Geoderma, 197, 67-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.12.011
- Long, X. H., Zhao, J., Liu, Z. P., Rengel, Z., Liu, L., Shao, H. B., & Tao, Y. (2014). Applying geostatistics to determine the soil quality improvement by Jerusalem artichoke in coastal saline zone. Ecological engineering, 70, 319-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.024
- Mandal, U. K., Ramachandran, K., Sharma, K. L., Satyam, B., Venkanna, K., Udaya Bhanu, M., ... & Venkateswarlu, B. (2011). Assessing soil quality in a semiarid tropical watershed using a geographic information system. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75(3), 1144-1160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0361
- Maniyunda, L. M., Raji, B. A., & Gwari, M. G. (2013). Variability of some soil physicochemical properties on lithosequence in Funtua North-Western Nigeria. Int J Sci Res, 2, 174-180.
- Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US Department of Agriculture.
- Prasad, B., & Rokima, J. (1991). b. Integrated nutrient management–III. Transformation of applied K into various K fractions in relation to its availability and uptake in calcareous soils. J. Indian Soc. of Soil Sci, 39(4), 722-726.
- Ruhela, M., Bhardwaj, S., Garg, V., & Ahamad, F. (2022). Assessment of soil quality at selected sites around Karwi town, Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh), India. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 7(3), 379-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0703011
- Sahu, C., Basti, S., Pradhan, R. P., & Sahu, S. K. (2016). Physicochemical properties of soil under different land use practices located near Bhawanipatna town in Odisha, India. International journal of environmental sciences, 6(6), 941-953.
- Singh, R. P., & Mishra, S. K. (2012). Available macro nutrients (N, P, K and S) in the soils of Chiraigaon block of district Varanasi (UP) in relation to soil characteristics. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1), 97-100.
- Singh, Y. V., Kant, S., Singh, S. K., Sharma, P. K., Jat, L. K., Kumar, M., ... & Yadav, R. N. (2017). Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soil of Lahar Block in Bhind District of Madhya Pradesh (India). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 511-519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.602.058
- Sireesha, P. V., & Naidu, M. V. S. (2013). Studies on genesis, characterization and classification of soils in semi-arid agro-ecological region: A case study in Banaganapalle Mandal of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 61(3), 167-178.
- Srinivasan, R., Natarajan, A., Kumar, K. S., & Kalaivanan, D. (2013). Distribution of available macro and micronutrients in cashew growing soils of Dakshina Kannada District of Coastal Karnataka. Madras Agricultural Journal, 100(1-3), 747-750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.001251
- Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25(8), 259-260.
- Talib, A. R., & Verma, S. D. (1990). Relationship between different forms of potassium and particle size in benchmark soils of Kashmir. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60(9), 643-644.
- Thangasamy, A., Naidu, M. V. S., Ramavatharam, N., & Reddy, C. R. (2015). Characterisation, classification and evaluation of soil resources in Sivagiri micro-watershed of Chittoor District in Andhra Pradesh for sustainable land use planning.
- Todmal, S. M., Patil, B. P., & Tamboli, B. D. (2008). Characterisation and classification of soils in Agriculture College Farm, Kolhapur. J. Maharashtra agric. Univ, 33(3), 287-291.
- Tomar, V. S. (1968). Studies on magnesium in Madhya Pradesh (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc. Thesis, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP)).
- Wakley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
- Wang, J., Fu, B., Qiu, Y., & Chen, L. (2001). Soil nutrients in relation to land use and landscape position in the semi-arid small catchment on the loess plateau in China. Journal of arid environments, 48(4), 537-550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.0763
- Yadav, T. C., Rai, H. K., Tagore, G. S., Chaubey, D., & Dhakad, R. (2018). Assessment of spatial variability in physico-chemical properties of soils in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh using Geo-statistical approach. Journal of soil and water conservation, 17(4), 317-324.
- Yadav, T. C., Rai, H. K., Tagore, G. S., Chaubey, D., & Dhakad, R. (2018). Assessment of spatial variability in physico-chemical properties of soils in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh using Geo-statistical approach. Journal of soil and water conservation, 17(4), 317-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00049.8
References
Bhardwaj, S., Khanna, D. R., Ruhela, M., Bhutiani, R., Bhardwaj, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Assessment of the soil quality of Haridwar Uttarakhand India: A comparative study. Environment Conservation Journal, 21(3), 155-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2020.21319
Boke, S. (2004). Soil phosphorus fractions as influenced by different cropping systems in Andosols and Nitosols in Kembata-Tembaro and Wolayta Zones, SNNPRS. Alemaya University,(AU) Ethiopia.
Cambule, A. H., Rossiter, D. G., Stoorvogel, J. J., & Smaling, E. M. A. (2014). Soil organic carbon stocks in the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique: Amount, spatial distribution and uncertainty. Geoderma, 213, 46-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.07.015
Chima, U. D. (2007). Effects of tropical rainforest modification on soil quality of Omo biosphere reserve in Ogun State, Nigeria. Master of Forestry (MF) Dissertation, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun state, Nigeria.
Dilliwar, P., Puri, G., Singh, R., Amule, F. C., & Choudhary, B. K. (2014). To evaluate the soil quality of Kheri series under Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya soil of Maharajpur Farm. In National conference on soil health: A key to unlock and sustain production potential September (pp. 3-4).
Franzen, D. W., Hopkins, D. H., Sweeney, M. D., Ulmer, M. K., & Halvorson, A. D. (2002). Evaluation of soil survey scale for zone development of site‐specific nitrogen management. Agronomy Journal, 94(2), 381-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.3810
Jackson, M. L. (1962). Soil Chemical Analysis: Basic Procedures and Instrumental Techniques (No. 5.1 J14). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
Jackson, M. L. (1967). Soil chemical analysis: advanced course (No. 2nd ed. 7). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course (No. SSSA-3). Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.
Li, X. F., Chen, Z. B., Chen, H. B., & Chen, Z. Q. (2011). Spatial distribution of soil nutrients and their response to land use in eroded area of South China. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10, 14-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.004
Liu, Z. P., Shao, M. A., & Wang, Y. Q. (2013). Spatial patterns of soil total nitrogen and soil total phosphorus across the entire Loess Plateau region of China. Geoderma, 197, 67-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.12.011
Long, X. H., Zhao, J., Liu, Z. P., Rengel, Z., Liu, L., Shao, H. B., & Tao, Y. (2014). Applying geostatistics to determine the soil quality improvement by Jerusalem artichoke in coastal saline zone. Ecological engineering, 70, 319-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.06.024
Mandal, U. K., Ramachandran, K., Sharma, K. L., Satyam, B., Venkanna, K., Udaya Bhanu, M., ... & Venkateswarlu, B. (2011). Assessing soil quality in a semiarid tropical watershed using a geographic information system. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75(3), 1144-1160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2009.0361
Maniyunda, L. M., Raji, B. A., & Gwari, M. G. (2013). Variability of some soil physicochemical properties on lithosequence in Funtua North-Western Nigeria. Int J Sci Res, 2, 174-180.
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (No. 939). US Department of Agriculture.
Prasad, B., & Rokima, J. (1991). b. Integrated nutrient management–III. Transformation of applied K into various K fractions in relation to its availability and uptake in calcareous soils. J. Indian Soc. of Soil Sci, 39(4), 722-726.
Ruhela, M., Bhardwaj, S., Garg, V., & Ahamad, F. (2022). Assessment of soil quality at selected sites around Karwi town, Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh), India. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 7(3), 379-385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0703011
Sahu, C., Basti, S., Pradhan, R. P., & Sahu, S. K. (2016). Physicochemical properties of soil under different land use practices located near Bhawanipatna town in Odisha, India. International journal of environmental sciences, 6(6), 941-953.
Singh, R. P., & Mishra, S. K. (2012). Available macro nutrients (N, P, K and S) in the soils of Chiraigaon block of district Varanasi (UP) in relation to soil characteristics. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 3(1), 97-100.
Singh, Y. V., Kant, S., Singh, S. K., Sharma, P. K., Jat, L. K., Kumar, M., ... & Yadav, R. N. (2017). Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soil of Lahar Block in Bhind District of Madhya Pradesh (India). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6(2), 511-519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.602.058
Sireesha, P. V., & Naidu, M. V. S. (2013). Studies on genesis, characterization and classification of soils in semi-arid agro-ecological region: A case study in Banaganapalle Mandal of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 61(3), 167-178.
Srinivasan, R., Natarajan, A., Kumar, K. S., & Kalaivanan, D. (2013). Distribution of available macro and micronutrients in cashew growing soils of Dakshina Kannada District of Coastal Karnataka. Madras Agricultural Journal, 100(1-3), 747-750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29321/MAJ.10.001251
Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25(8), 259-260.
Talib, A. R., & Verma, S. D. (1990). Relationship between different forms of potassium and particle size in benchmark soils of Kashmir. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 60(9), 643-644.
Thangasamy, A., Naidu, M. V. S., Ramavatharam, N., & Reddy, C. R. (2015). Characterisation, classification and evaluation of soil resources in Sivagiri micro-watershed of Chittoor District in Andhra Pradesh for sustainable land use planning.
Todmal, S. M., Patil, B. P., & Tamboli, B. D. (2008). Characterisation and classification of soils in Agriculture College Farm, Kolhapur. J. Maharashtra agric. Univ, 33(3), 287-291.
Tomar, V. S. (1968). Studies on magnesium in Madhya Pradesh (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc. Thesis, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP)).
Wakley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Wang, J., Fu, B., Qiu, Y., & Chen, L. (2001). Soil nutrients in relation to land use and landscape position in the semi-arid small catchment on the loess plateau in China. Journal of arid environments, 48(4), 537-550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jare.2000.0763
Yadav, T. C., Rai, H. K., Tagore, G. S., Chaubey, D., & Dhakad, R. (2018). Assessment of spatial variability in physico-chemical properties of soils in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh using Geo-statistical approach. Journal of soil and water conservation, 17(4), 317-324.
Yadav, T. C., Rai, H. K., Tagore, G. S., Chaubey, D., & Dhakad, R. (2018). Assessment of spatial variability in physico-chemical properties of soils in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh using Geo-statistical approach. Journal of soil and water conservation, 17(4), 317-324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00049.8