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Abstract
Light plays an important role in the life of organisms including the whole diversity of plants ranging from microscopic phytoplankton to giant trees, because it is the sole source of energy which effects the growth dynamics and structure of most aquatic and terrestrial communities. The unidirectional nature of light gives rise to a vertical gradient of light intensity as a function of depth.
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References
- Bindloss, M. 1976 “The light -climate of Loch Leven, ashallow Scottish lake, in relation to primary production of phytoplankton.” Fresh water Biology,6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1976.tb01642.x
- Cullen, J.J. 1990 On models of growth and photosynthesis in phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Research.37:667-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90097-F
- Evers,E.G. 1991 A model for light-limited continuous cultures: growth, shading, and mainte nance. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38:254-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260380307
- George, D.G.,and Edwards,R.W. 1976 “The effect of wind on the distribution of chlorophyll-a and crustacean plankton in a shallow eutrophic reservoir.” J. Appl. Eco.13,667-690. Hamilton, D.P., and Schaldow, S.G. 1997 Prediction ofwater quality in lake and reservoirs .Part II-model calibration, sensitivity analysis and application.” Ecol. Mod.,96.111-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2402246
- Kemp,W.M. and Mitsch,W.J. 1979 Turbulence and phytopankton diversity: a general model of the “paradox of plankton”.Ecological Modelling 7:201-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(79)90070-X
- Kirk,J.T.O.1994 Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. Camb. Univ. Press, England. Kok,B. 1952 On the effciency of Chorella growth. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 1:445-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1952.tb00022.x
- Platt,T.,Sathyendranath,S., and Ravindran,P.1990. Primary production by phytoplankton: analytic solution for daily rates per unit area of water surface. Proc. of the Royal Society of London.B241:101-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0072
- Platt,T., Bird, D. F., Sathyendranath, S. 1991 Critical depth and marine primary production.Proceedings of the Royal Society of london, B246:205-217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1991.0146
- Reynolds, C.S. 1984. The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge Univ. Press. UK. Smith, R.A. 1980. The Theoretical Basis for Estimating Phytoplankton Production and Specific Growth Rate from Chlorophyll, Light and Temperature Data. Ecological Modeling. 10. pp. 243-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(80)90062-9
- Steele, J.H. 1962. Environmental Control of Photosynthesis in the Sea. Lim. Oce.7:137-150. Sverdrup, H.U. 1953 On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. Journal du Conseil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer 18:287-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/18.3.287
- Talling,J.F. 1957 The phytoplankton population as a compound photosynthetic system. New Phytologist. 56:133-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1957.tb06962.x
- Talling,J.F. 1965 The photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in East African lakes .Internationale Revue Der gesamten Hydrobiologia.50:1-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19650500102
- Huisman,J. and Weissing F.J. 1994 Light- limited growth and competition for light in well- mixed aquatic environments: an elementary model. Ecology .75:507-520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1939554
- Huisman,J. and Weissing F.J. 1995 Competition for nutrients and light in a mixed water column: a theoretical analysis. American Naturalist. 146:536-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/285814
- Huisman, J. 1999 Population dynamics of light-limited phytoplankton: Miocrocosm experiments.Ecology. 80(1):202-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0202:PDOLLP]2.0.CO;2
- Jassby,A.D. and Platt,T. 1976 Mathematical formulation of the relationship between photo synthesis and light for phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography. 21:540-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1976.21.4.0540
- Jewson,D.H. 1977 Light penetration in relation to phytoplankton content of the euphotic zone of Lough Neagh,North Ireland. Oikos.28:74-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3543325
- Weissing, F.J. and Huisman,J. 1994 Growth and competition in a light gradient. Journal of Theoretical Biology .168:323-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1994.1113
References
Bindloss, M. 1976 “The light -climate of Loch Leven, ashallow Scottish lake, in relation to primary production of phytoplankton.” Fresh water Biology,6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1976.tb01642.x
Cullen, J.J. 1990 On models of growth and photosynthesis in phytoplankton. Deep-Sea Research.37:667-683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(90)90097-F
Evers,E.G. 1991 A model for light-limited continuous cultures: growth, shading, and mainte nance. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38:254-259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260380307
George, D.G.,and Edwards,R.W. 1976 “The effect of wind on the distribution of chlorophyll-a and crustacean plankton in a shallow eutrophic reservoir.” J. Appl. Eco.13,667-690. Hamilton, D.P., and Schaldow, S.G. 1997 Prediction ofwater quality in lake and reservoirs .Part II-model calibration, sensitivity analysis and application.” Ecol. Mod.,96.111-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2402246
Kemp,W.M. and Mitsch,W.J. 1979 Turbulence and phytopankton diversity: a general model of the “paradox of plankton”.Ecological Modelling 7:201-222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(79)90070-X
Kirk,J.T.O.1994 Light and photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. Camb. Univ. Press, England. Kok,B. 1952 On the effciency of Chorella growth. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 1:445-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.1952.tb00022.x
Platt,T.,Sathyendranath,S., and Ravindran,P.1990. Primary production by phytoplankton: analytic solution for daily rates per unit area of water surface. Proc. of the Royal Society of London.B241:101-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0072
Platt,T., Bird, D. F., Sathyendranath, S. 1991 Critical depth and marine primary production.Proceedings of the Royal Society of london, B246:205-217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1991.0146
Reynolds, C.S. 1984. The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton. Cambridge Univ. Press. UK. Smith, R.A. 1980. The Theoretical Basis for Estimating Phytoplankton Production and Specific Growth Rate from Chlorophyll, Light and Temperature Data. Ecological Modeling. 10. pp. 243-264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(80)90062-9
Steele, J.H. 1962. Environmental Control of Photosynthesis in the Sea. Lim. Oce.7:137-150. Sverdrup, H.U. 1953 On conditions for the vernal blooming of phytoplankton. Journal du Conseil Permanent International pour l’Exploration de la Mer 18:287-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/18.3.287
Talling,J.F. 1957 The phytoplankton population as a compound photosynthetic system. New Phytologist. 56:133-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1957.tb06962.x
Talling,J.F. 1965 The photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton in East African lakes .Internationale Revue Der gesamten Hydrobiologia.50:1-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19650500102
Huisman,J. and Weissing F.J. 1994 Light- limited growth and competition for light in well- mixed aquatic environments: an elementary model. Ecology .75:507-520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1939554
Huisman,J. and Weissing F.J. 1995 Competition for nutrients and light in a mixed water column: a theoretical analysis. American Naturalist. 146:536-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/285814
Huisman, J. 1999 Population dynamics of light-limited phytoplankton: Miocrocosm experiments.Ecology. 80(1):202-210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0202:PDOLLP]2.0.CO;2
Jassby,A.D. and Platt,T. 1976 Mathematical formulation of the relationship between photo synthesis and light for phytoplankton. Limnology and Oceanography. 21:540-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1976.21.4.0540
Jewson,D.H. 1977 Light penetration in relation to phytoplankton content of the euphotic zone of Lough Neagh,North Ireland. Oikos.28:74-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3543325
Weissing, F.J. and Huisman,J. 1994 Growth and competition in a light gradient. Journal of Theoretical Biology .168:323-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1994.1113