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Abstract

Zinc sulphate  affected  the germination  of seed of  Vigna  unguiculata   (L.)  Walp.  The treatment  of 0.1  mg/ml  of zinc sulphate  showed the adverse effect on the phenology.  It caused  decrease  in  the fertility  of pollen with  an increase  in  the  concentrations.  This proves the gametocidic  behaviour  of the  heavy  metal.  Though  it  affected  the  fertility  of pollen,  however,  none  of   the  concentration could bring down the fertility  to zero percent. Potentiality of the germinability of pollen was noted in  all the 4 series i.e.  F,  F-24, F-48,  F-72 investigated.  The heavy metal stimulated the germination of pollen of F,  F-24 and F-48 series.  All the concentrations of zinc sulphate inhibited  the germination of pollen of F-72 series as well as the  pollen tube growth of all the 4 series.  The present investigation also  shows that pollen germination and tube elongation are two different processes  differing in their sensitivity   to  different   concentrations  of the  heavy  metal.  It is  also  confirmed  that  the  pollen development and activity  are more sensitive indicators  of adverse factors in the botanical environment and the use of an entire vascular plant as an indicator of pollution is  a very crude method and rather a wrong choice.

Keywords

Genetics and Plant Breeding Palynology Crop Physiology Heavy Metals

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Salgare, S. A., & Gawade, S. (2009). Monitoring of heavy metal (zinc sulphate) toxicity by using pollen as Indicators - Pollen of Vigna unguiculata: Further Evidence of a Criticism of Banerji and Gangulee (1937), Dharurkar (1971-Ph.D. Thesis), Nair, Nambudiri and Thomas (1973), Berg (1973), . Environment Conservation Journal, 10(1&2), 85–94. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2009.101214
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  59. Salgare, S.A., 2007g. Alteration of resting period of pollen of five cultivars of the Apocynaceae by herbicide (2,4-Dinitrophenol): Further Evidence of a Criticism of Brewbaker and Kwack (1963), Sudhakaran (1967• Ph.D.Thesis), Saoji and Chitaley (1972), Berg (1973), Brandt (1974), Vick and Bevan (1976), Rasmussan (1977), Navara, Horvath and Kaleta (1978), Mhatre (1980 - Ph.D. Thesis), Mhatre, Chaphekar, Ramani Rao, Patil, Haldar (1980), Shetye (1982 - Ph.D. Thesis) and Giridhar (1984-Ph.D. Thesis)-A Critical Review. Res. Hunt, 2: 107-114.
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  65. Salgare, S.A. and Bindu, 2002. Whether op:: am pollen germination and tube length attained a the same growth medium (sucrose + calcium chloride) by pink• flowered Catharanthus roseus !: A Criticism to the Hypothesis of Nair, Nambudiri and Thomas (1973) • A Critical Review - I Biojournal, 14: 21-23.
  66. Salgare, S.A. and Bindu, 2005. Whether optimum pollen germination and tube length attained in the same growth medium (sucrose + calcium chloride) by white- flowered Catharanthus roseus and Further Evidence of A Criticism on the Hypothesis of Nair, Nambudiri and Thomas (1973) - A Critical Review. Flora and Fauna, H: 183-184.
  67. Salgare, S.A. and Joshi, A.N., 2007. Whether optimum pollen germination and tube length attamed in the same growth medium (sucrose+boric acid) by red missile cultivar of Capsicum frutescens L and Further Evidence of a Criticism of Nair, Nanbudiri and Thomas (1973) -- A Critical Review. Asian J. Bio Sci., 1: 174-176.
  68. Salgare, S.A. and Phunguskar, K.P., 2000. Monitors of pesticide (alphamethrin) toxicity by using pollen as indicators .- Pollen of pink-flowered Catharanthus roseus -- A Criticism on the hypothesis of Berg (1973), Brandt ( I 974), Vick and Bevan (1976), Rasmussan (1977), Navara, Horvath and Kaleta (1978), Mhatre ( I980 - Ph.D. Thesis), Mhatre, Chaphekar, Ramani
  69. Rao, Patil, Haldara (1980), Shetye (1982 - Ph.D. Thesis l and Giridhar (1984 • Ph.D. Thesis) - A Critical Review III. Biojournal. 14: 1
  70. Salgare, S.A. and Sanchita Pathak, 2005. Monitoring of heavy metal (bismuth nitrate) toxicity by using pollen as indicators - Pollen of white-flowered Catharanthus roseus and further evidence of a Criticism on the hypothesis of Berg (1973), Brandt (1974), Vick and Bevan (1976), Rasmussan (1977), Navara, Horvath and Kaleta (1978), Mhatre (1980 • Ph.D. Thesis), Mhatre, Chaphekar, Ramani Rao, Patil, Haldar (1980), Shetye (1982 - Ph.D. Thesis), and Giridhar (1984 • Ph D. Thesis) - A Critical Review. Flora and Fauna,l l: 69-70.
  71. Salgare, S.A. and Sanju Singh, 2002. Monitors of heavy metal (ferrous sulphate) toxicity by using pollen as indicators - Pollen of white-flowered Catharanthus roseus - A Criticism on the hypothesis of Berg (1973), Brandt (1974), Vick and Bevan (1976), Rasmussan (1977), Navara, Horvath and Kaleta (1978), Mhatre ( 1980- Ph.D. Thesis), Mhatre, Chaphekar, Ramani Rao, Patil, Haldara (1980), Shetye (1982 - Ph.D. Thesis) and Giridhar (1984-Ph.D. Thesis)• A Critical Reriw --II. Biojournal, 14: 5-7.
  72. Salgare, S.A. and Sanju Singh, 2006a. Monitoring of heavy metal (copper sulphate) toxicity by using pollen as indicators - Pollen of white-flowered Catharanthus roseus and further evidence of a Criticism on the hypothesis of Berg (1973), Brandt (1974), Vick and Bevan (1976), Rasmussan (1977), Navara, Horvath and Kaleta (1978), Mhatre (1980- Ph.D. Thesis), Mhatre, Chaphekar, Ramani Rao, Patil, Haldar (]980), Shetye (1982 - Ph.D. Thesis), and Giridhar (1984 • Ph.D. Thesis) - A Critical Review -- I Him. J. En. Zool., 20: 276-278.
  73. Salgare, S.A. and Sanju Singh, 2006b. Monitoring of heavy metal (cobalt nitrate) toxicity by using pollen as indicators -- Pollen of pink-flowered cultivar of Catharanthus roseus and further evidence of a Criticism of the hypothesis of Berg (I 973), Brandt (1974), Vick and Bevan (1976), Rasmussan (1977}, Navara, Horvath and Kaleta (1978), Mhatre (1980 • Ph.D. Thesis), Mhatre, Chaphekar, Ramani Rao, Patil. Haldar (1980), Shetye (1982 - Ph.D. Thesis) and Giridhar (J 984-Ph.D. Thesis) -A Critical Review- ll. Him. J. Env. Zoo/., 20: 283-284.
  74. Salgare, S.A. and Suwarna Gawde, (1991). Effect of mercury (supplied through soil) on pollen viability of successive flowers of Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczer. J. Natcon, 3: 68-75.
  75. Salgare, S.A. and lessy Mol Antony, 2005a. Whether optimum po)he: germination and tube length attained in the same growth medium (sucrose + potassium chloride) by pink-flowered Catharanthus roseus and Further Evidence of A Criticism to the Hypothesis of Nair, Nambudiri and Thomas (1973) - A Critical Review. Flora and Fauna, 11: 61-62.
  76. Salgare, S.A. and Tessy Mo! Antony, 2005b. Whether optimum pollen germination and tube length attained in the same growth medium (sucrose+ sodium oxalate) by white-flowered Catharanthus roseus and Further Evidence of A Criticism to the Hypothesis of Nair, Nambudiri and Thomas (1973) - A Critical Review. Flora and Fauna, 11: 75-76.
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