Article Sidebar

Submitted
November 5, 2020
Accepted
November 18, 2020
Published
December 17, 2020
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 387 Download : 320

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

A comparative study on grooming behavior was done on three species of macaques, namely, Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) under captivity in Aizawl Zoological Park, Aizawl, India. Observations were recorded by Focal Sampling Technique. Time spent on different acts of grooming, and grooming visible and non-visible sites was recorded. Generally 75% of the time was spent on removal of ectoparasite and skin flakes (hygiene related acts). The time spent on various grooming acts varied in different age and sex categories in all three species. Time spent on grooming visible and non-visible sites was more in the Assamese macaque. Time spent on visible and non-visible site by all age and sex categories in all three species was found to be significant (p<0.05). The pattern of variations on grooming visible and non-visible area was similar in all the species. Time spent on grooming non-visible sites was more than on the visible sites. Adult males and females spent more time on grooming visible areas in all the species. Dissimilarity among macaque species and between age and sex category in grooming visible areas was significant. Grooming site preference is predisposed by the sex and age of individuals.

Keywords

Captivity Grooming Macaque species Non-visible sites Pattern Site Selection Visible sites

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Environment Conservation Journal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Solanki, G., Lalremruati, P. ., & K, L. (2020). Grooming pattern in captive Macaques: A comparative study . Environment Conservation Journal, 21(3), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2020.21315
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Akinyi, M. Y., Tung, J. J., Jeneby, M., Patel, N. B., Altmann, J. and Alberts, S. C. 2013. Role of grooming in reducing tick load in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Animal Behaviour, 8: 559-568.
  2. Allanic, M., Hayashi, M., Furuich, T. and Matsuzawa, T. 2020. Social influences on grooming site preferences in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba, DRC. Primates, 61: 213-223.
  3. Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behaviour: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49: 227-267.
  4. Aureli, F., Preston, S. D. and de Waal , F. B. M. 1999. Heart rate responses to social interactions in free-moving rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): a pilot study. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113: 59-65.
  5. Barton, R. A. 1985. Grooming site preferences in primates and their functional implications. International Journal of Primatology, 6: 519-532.
  6. Boccia, M. L. 1989. Comparison of physical characteristics of grooming in two species of macaques (Macaca nemestrina and M. radiata). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 103: 177-183.
  7. Boccia, M. L., Reite, M. and Laudenslager, M. 1989. On the physiology of grooming in a Pig-tailed macaque. Physiological Behavior, 45: 667-670.
  8. Borries, C. 1992. Grooming site preference in female langurs (Presbytis entellus). International Journal of Primatology, 13: 19-32.
  9. Chapais, B. and Berman, C. 2004. Kinship and Behavior in Primates. Oxford University Press, New York.
  10. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1988. Primate social systems. Comstock Publishing Associates. Croom Helm Limited, Ithaca, New York.
  11. Dunbar, R. I. M. 1991. Functional significance of social grooming in primates. Folia Primatologica, 57: 121-131.
  12. Dunbar, R. I. M. 2010. The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34: 260-268.
  13. Eckstein, R. A. and Hart, B. L. 2000. Grooming and control of fleas in cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 68: 141-150.
  14. Ferron, J. and Lefebvre, L. 1982. Comparative organization of grooming sequences in adult and young sciurid rodents. Behaviour, 81: 110-127.
  15. Freeman, H. D. and Ross, S. R. 2014. The impact of atypical histories on pet or performer chimpanzee. Peer J., 2: e579.
  16. Freeman, H. D., Weiss, A. and Ross, S. R. 2016. Atypical early histories predict lower extraversion in captive chimpanzee. Developmental Psychobiology, 58: 519-527.
  17. Freeland, W. J. 1981. Functional aspects of primate grooming. Ohio Journal of Science, 81: 173-177.
  18. Feeroz, M. M. 2003. Breeding activities of pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) in Bangladesh. Zoo’s Print Journal, 18(8): 1175-1179.
  19. Goosen, C. 1987. Social grooming in primates, pp.107-131. In: Mitchell, G. & J. Erwin (eds.). Comparative Primates Biology, Vol. 2, Part B: Behavior, Cognition and motivation. Alan R. Liss, New York.
  20. Grueter, C. C., Li, D., Ren, B. and Li, M. 2013. Overwintering strategy of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys: Adjustments in activity scheduling and foraging patterns. Primates, 54: 125-135.
  21. Hart, B. 2000. Role of grooming in biological control of ticks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 916: 565-569.
  22. Heitor, F., Oom, M. D. and Vicente, L. 2006. Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses. Part II. Factors affecting affiliative relationships and sexual behaviours. Behavioural Processes, 73: 231-239.
  23. Henzi, S. P. and Barrett, L. 1999. The value of grooming to female primates. Primates, 40: 47-59.
  24. Hutchins, M. and Barash, D. P. 1976. Grooming in primates: implications for its utilitarian function. Primates, 17: 145–150.
  25. Kimura, R. 1998. Mutual grooming and preferred associate relationships in a band of free-ranging horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 59: 265-276.
  26. Kutsukake, N. and Clutton-Brock, T. 2006. Aggression and submission reflect reproductive conflict between females in cooperatively breeding meerkats. Suricata suricatta. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 59(4): 541-548.
  27. Lazaro-Perea, C., de Fátima Arruda, M. and Snowdon, C. T. 2004. Grooming as a reward? Social function of grooming between females in cooperatively breeding marmosets. Animal Behaviour, 67: 627-636.
  28. Lehmann, J., Korstjens, A. H. and Dunbar, R. I. M. 2007. Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates. Animal Behaviour, 74: 1617-1629.
  29. Leve, M., Sueur, C., Petit, O., Matsuzawa, T. and Hirata, S. 2016. Social grooming network in captive chimpanzee: does the wild and captive origin of group members affect sociality? Primates, 57: 73-82.
  30. Mitra, S. and Alfred, J. R. B. 2007. Reproductive behavior of the Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis) in Darjeeling district, India. Records of Zoological Survey of India, 107(Part-4): 33-42.
  31. Mooring, M. S., McKenzie, A. A. and Hart, B. L. 1996. Grooming in impala: role of oral grooming in removal of ticks and effects of ticks in increasing grooming rate. Physiology and Behavior, 59: 965-971.
  32. Moser, R., Cords, M. and Kummer, H. 1991. Social influence on grooming site preference among captive long-tailed macaques. International Journal of Primatology, 12: 217-230.
  33. Nguyen, N., Gesquiere, L., Alberts, S. C. and Altmann, J. 2012. Sex differences in the mothereneonate relationship in wild baboons: social, experiential and hormonal correlates. Animal Behaviour, 83: 891-903.
  34. Obrien, T. G. 1993. Allogrooming behavior among adult female wedge-capped capuchin monkeys. Animal Behaviour, 46: 499-510.
  35. Parr, L. A., Matheson, M. D., Bernstein, I. S. and Waal, F. B. M. 1997. Grooming down the hierarchy: allogrooming in captive brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. Animal Behaviour, 54: 361-367.
  36. Rodrigues, M. A. and Boeving, E. R. 2019. Comparative social grooming networks in captive chimpanzee and bonobos. Primates, 60: 191-202.
  37. Saunders, C. D. 1988. Ecological, social, and evolutionary aspects of baboon grooming behavior. Ph.D. thesis submitted to Cornell University, USA
  38. Saunders, C. D. and Hausfater, G. 1988. The functional significance of baboon grooming behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 525: 430-432.
  39. Schino, G. 2001. Grooming, competition and social rank among female primates: a meta-analysis. Animal Behaviour, 62: 265-271.
  40. Schino, G. 2007. Grooming and agonistic support: a meta-analysis of primate reciprocal altruism. Behavioral Ecology, 18: 115-120.
  41. Schino, G.and Aureli, F. 2008. Grooming reciprocation among female primates: a meta-analysis. Biology Letters, 4: 9-11.
  42. Seyfarth, R. M. 1977. Model of social grooming among adult female monkeys. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 65: 671-698.
  43. Shutt, K., MacLarnon, A., Heistermann, M. and Semple, S. 2007. Grooming in Barbary macaques: better to give than to receive? Biology Letters, 3: 231-233.
  44. Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. and Altmann, J. 2003. Social bonds of female baboons enhance infant survival. Science, 302: 1231-1234.
  45. Silk, J. B., Alberts, S. C. and Altmann, J., 2006. Social relationships among adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus). II. Variation in the quality and stability of social bonds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 61: 197-204.
  46. Silk, J. B., Beehner, J. C., Bergman, T. J., Crockford, C., Engh, A. L., Moscovice,L. R., Wittig, R. M., Seyfarth, R. M. and Cheney, D. L. 2010. Strong and consistent social bonds enhance the longevity of female baboons. Current Biology, 20: 1359-1361.
  47. Simonds, P. E. 1974. Sex differences in bonnet macaque networks and social structure. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 3: 151-166.
  48. Smuts, B. 1985. Sex and Friendship in Baboons. Hawthorne: Aldine Press.
  49. Southwick, C. M., Beg, M. A. and Siddiqi, M. R. 1961. A population survey of rhesus monkeys in northern India. Part II, Transportation routes and forest areas. Ecology, 42: 698-710.
  50. Sparks, J. 1967. Allogrooming in primates: A review, pp.148-175. In: D. Morris (Ed.). Primate Ethology. Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London.
  51. Stevens, J. M. G., Vervaecke, H., De Vries, H. and Van Elsacker, L. 2006. Social structure in Pan paniscus: testing female bonding hypothesis. Primates, 47: 210-217.
  52. Tanaka, I. and Takefushi, H. 1993. Elimination of external parasites (lice) is the primary function of grooming in free-ranging Japanese macaques. Anthropological Science, 101: 187-193.
  53. Terry, R. L. 1970. Primate grooming as a tension reduction mechanism. Journal of Psychology, 76: 129-136.
  54. Wilkinson, G. S. 1986. Social grooming in the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. Animal Behaviour, 34: 1880-1889.
  55. Wrangham, R. W. 1980. An ecological model of female-bonded primate groups. Behaviour, 75: 262-300.
  56. Young, G., Coelho, A. M. and Bramblett, C. A. 1982. The development of grooming, sociosexual behavior, play and aggression in captive baboons in their first two years. Primates, 23: 511-519.
  57. Zamma, K. 2002. Grooming site preferences determined by lice infection among Japanese macaques in Arashiyama. Primates, 43: 41-49.