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Abstract
In India, freshwater ecosystems are most threatened by the man made reservoirs, loss of seasonally flooded forests, polluted wetlands and deforestation of surrounding watersheds. Specific actions are needed for conservation of the water valuable insects through detailed scientific studies. A study has been carried out in the Sapna Dam of Betul District, Madhya Pradesh. Field surveys have been carried out to prepare geographical coordinates. Water depth, water quality and biotic characteristics at different locations were measured with the help of limnological equipments. Results of these studies are presented in this paper.
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References
- Anon, 1989. Conservation of Wetlands in India Govt. of India, MOEF, New Delhi. pp. 67
- Blaustein, L., 1992. Larvivorus fishes fail to control mosquitoes in experimental rice plots. Hydrobiologia 232: 219-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00013707
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- Clausnitzer, V., 2003. Dragonfly communities in coastal habitats of Kenya: indication of biotope quality and the need of conservation measures. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 333-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021920402913
- Corbet, P.S., 1999. Dragonfly: Behaviour and Ecology of Odonata. Cornell University Press, New York, 829pp.
- Fraser, F.C., 1933, 1934, 1936. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata. Vols. 1-3. Taylor and Francis, London.
- Gentry, J.B., Garten , C.T., Howell , F.G., and Smith , M.H. ,1975. Thermal ecology of dragonflies in habitats receiving reactor effluent, pp.563-574. In: Environmental Effect of Cooling Systems at Nuclear Power Plants. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
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- Kadoya, T., Suda , S. and Washitani, I., 2004. Dragonfly species richness on man-made ponds: effects of pond size and pond age on newly established assemblages. Ecological Research 19: 461-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2004.00659.x
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- Lounibos, L.P., Escher , R.L., Dewald , L.B., Nishimura , N. and Larson , V.L., 1990. Odonata associated with water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). Odonatologica 19: 359-366.
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- Samways, M.J., 1989. Taxon turnover in odonata across a 3000 m altitudinal gradient in Southern Africa. Odonatologica 18: 263-274.
- Schindler, M., Fesl , C. and Chovanec, A., 2003. Dragonfly associations (Insecta: Odonata) in relation to habitat variables: a multivariate approach. Hydrobiologia 497: 169-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025476220081
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- Sugunan, V. , 1995. Reservoir fisheries of India. FAO Fisheries Technical paper, 345:1-423. Simpson, E.H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0
- Singh, A. and Prasad , M., 1976. Odonata of Doon Valley, 1. Anisoptera. Records of Zoological Survey of India 70: 21-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v70/i1-4/1976/161967
- Stewart, D.A.B. and Samways , M.J., 1998. Conserving dragonfly (Odonata) assemblages relative to river dynamics in an African Savanna game reserve. Conservation Biology 12: 683-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96465.x
- Subramanian, K.A., 2005. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India: A Field Guide. Project Lifescape, Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore, India, 118pp.
- Suh, A.N. and Samways , M.J., 2005. Significance of temporal changes when designing a reservoir for conservation of dragonfly diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 165-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-3652-5
- Tillyard, R.J., 1917. The Biology of Dragonflies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 396pp.
- Timm, H., Ivask , M. and Mols , T., 2001. Response of macro invertebrates and water quality to long-term decrease in organic pollution in some Estonian streams during 1990-1998. Hydrobiologia 464: 153-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013999403209
- Watson, J.A.L., Arthington, A.H. and Conrick , D.L., 1982. Effect of sewage effluent on dragonflies (Odonata) of Bulimba Creek, Brisbane. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 517-528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9820517
- Williams, D.D., 1987. The Ecology of Temporary Waters. Croom Helm, London, 193pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6084-1
References
Anon, 1989. Conservation of Wetlands in India Govt. of India, MOEF, New Delhi. pp. 67
Blaustein, L., 1992. Larvivorus fishes fail to control mosquitoes in experimental rice plots. Hydrobiologia 232: 219-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00013707
Brown, K.S.J., 1991. Conservation of neotropical environments: insects as indicators, pp.349-404. In: Collins, N.M. & J.A. Thomas (eds.). The Conservation of Insects and their Habitats. Academic Press, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-181370-3.50020-8
Carchini, G., Solimni , A.G. and Ruggiero, A., 2005. Habitat characteristics and odonate diversity in mountain ponds of central Italy. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 15: 573-581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.741
Clark, T.E. and Samways , M. J., 1996. Dragonflies (Odonata) as indicators of biotope quality in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 1001-1012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2404681
Clausnitzer, V., 2003. Dragonfly communities in coastal habitats of Kenya: indication of biotope quality and the need of conservation measures. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 333-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021920402913
Corbet, P.S., 1999. Dragonfly: Behaviour and Ecology of Odonata. Cornell University Press, New York, 829pp.
Fraser, F.C., 1933, 1934, 1936. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Odonata. Vols. 1-3. Taylor and Francis, London.
Gentry, J.B., Garten , C.T., Howell , F.G., and Smith , M.H. ,1975. Thermal ecology of dragonflies in habitats receiving reactor effluent, pp.563-574. In: Environmental Effect of Cooling Systems at Nuclear Power Plants. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
Johansson, F. and Suhling , F., 2004. Behaviour and growth of dragonfly larvae along a permanent to temporary water habitat gradient. Ecological Entomology 29: 196-202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00592.x
Kadoya, T., Suda , S. and Washitani, I., 2004. Dragonfly species richness on man-made ponds: effects of pond size and pond age on newly established assemblages. Ecological Research 19: 461-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2004.00659.x
Kumar, A., 1973a. Description of the last instar larvae of Odonata from Dehra Dun Valley with notes on biology. I. Suborder Zygoptera. Oriental Insects 7: 83-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1973.10434207
Kumar, A., 1973b. Description of the last instar larvae of Odonata from Dehra Dun Valley (India) with notes on biology. II. Suborder Anisoptera. Oriental Insects 7: 291-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00305316.1973.10434222
Lounibos, L.P., Escher , R.L., Dewald , L.B., Nishimura , N. and Larson , V.L., 1990. Odonata associated with water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes). Odonatologica 19: 359-366.
Moore, N.W., 1982. Conservation of odonata - first step towards a world strategy. Advances in Odonatology 1: 205-211.
Norma-Rashid, Y., Mohd-Sofian , A. and Zakaria-Ismail , M., 2001. Diversity and distribution of odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) in the fresh water swamp lake, Tasek Bera, Malaysia. Hydrobiologia 459: 135-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012562611307
Oppel, S., 2005a. Habitat associations of an odonata community in a lower montane rain forest in Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Odonatology 8: 243-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2005.9748256
Oppel, S., 2005b. Comparison of two Odonata communities from a natural and a modified rainforest in Pupua New Guinea. International Journal of Odonatology 9: 89-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13887890.2006.9748266
Rao, R.J., 2002. Inventory of wetlands in Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh. Study report. SACON, Mimeo p57
Sharma, H.D., 1991. Limnological studies of aquatic ecosystems in Gwalior region with special reference to crocodile habitats. M.Phil thesis, Jiwaji Univ. Gwalior.
Samways, M.J., 1989. Taxon turnover in odonata across a 3000 m altitudinal gradient in Southern Africa. Odonatologica 18: 263-274.
Schindler, M., Fesl , C. and Chovanec, A., 2003. Dragonfly associations (Insecta: Odonata) in relation to habitat variables: a multivariate approach. Hydrobiologia 497: 169-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025476220081
Singh B.D., 2003 Studies on Fish Resources, Marketing and Management in Gwalior (M.P.), with special reference to Tighra Reservoir, M.Phil. thesis, Jiwaji University, Gwalior.
Sugunan, V. , 1995. Reservoir fisheries of India. FAO Fisheries Technical paper, 345:1-423. Simpson, E.H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/163688a0
Singh, A. and Prasad , M., 1976. Odonata of Doon Valley, 1. Anisoptera. Records of Zoological Survey of India 70: 21-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v70/i1-4/1976/161967
Stewart, D.A.B. and Samways , M.J., 1998. Conserving dragonfly (Odonata) assemblages relative to river dynamics in an African Savanna game reserve. Conservation Biology 12: 683-692. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96465.x
Subramanian, K.A., 2005. Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India: A Field Guide. Project Lifescape, Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore, India, 118pp.
Suh, A.N. and Samways , M.J., 2005. Significance of temporal changes when designing a reservoir for conservation of dragonfly diversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 165-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-005-3652-5
Tillyard, R.J., 1917. The Biology of Dragonflies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 396pp.
Timm, H., Ivask , M. and Mols , T., 2001. Response of macro invertebrates and water quality to long-term decrease in organic pollution in some Estonian streams during 1990-1998. Hydrobiologia 464: 153-164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013999403209
Watson, J.A.L., Arthington, A.H. and Conrick , D.L., 1982. Effect of sewage effluent on dragonflies (Odonata) of Bulimba Creek, Brisbane. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33: 517-528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/MF9820517
Williams, D.D., 1987. The Ecology of Temporary Waters. Croom Helm, London, 193pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6084-1