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Abstract
One of the major essential macronutrient for plant is phosphorous and is applied to soil in the form of chemical phosphatic fertilizers which is immobilized rapidly and becomes unavailable to plants. Microorganisms are involved in the transformation of soil P and is thus an integral part of the soil P cycle. In particular, soil microorganisms are effective in releasing P from inorganic and organic pools of total soil P through solubilization and mineralization. P-solubilization ability of the microorganisms is considered to be one of the most important properties. The adverse impact of chemical fertilizers on the environment and the less cost effectiveness stimulates the exploration of Phosphate solubilisers. 2/3rd of phosphate fertilizer is unavailable within a very short period of its application due to fixation in the soil complex. To overcome the problem of phosphorus solubilisation and to raise its concentration in soil, the present work was undertaken which deals with the isolation and inoculation of VAM spores from four sets of soil sample mainly clayey textured soil as classified on the basis of its morphological characteristics done through particle size analysis. The result of the present study showed that AM symbiosis associated with plant roots and soil aggregates optimizes the phosphorus solubilization and it is confirmed by the physico-chemical and biochemical estimations along with the mineralogical studies, where the results are within expectations.
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References
- Bray R.H. and Kurtz L.T., 1945. Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils, Soil Science 59, 39-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194501000-00006
- Bryant, T. N., 2003. Probablistic Identification of bacteria, PIB computer kit, medical statistics and computing University Southampton, S094 XYUK.
- Fankem, H., Nwaga, D., Deubel, A., Dieng, L., Merbach, W. and Etoa, F. X., 2006. Occurrence and functioning of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms from oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) rhizosphere in Cameroon. African J. Biotech. 5, 2450-2460.
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- Gerdemann, J. W. and Nicolson, T. H., 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting British Mycological Society Published by Elsevier Ltd 46(2), 235-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(63)80079-0
- Halder, A.K., Mishra, A.K., Bhattacharya, P. and Chakrabarty, P.K., 1990. Solubilization of inorganic phosphate by Rhizobium. Indian J. Microbiol., 30, 311-314.
- Harley, J. L. and Smith, S. E., 1983 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, Toronto.
- Khan, A. A., Jilani, G., Akhtar, M. S., Naqvi, S. M. S. and Rasheed, M., 2009. Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria: Occurrence, Mechanisms and their Role in Crop Production J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 1(1), 48-58.
- Khiari, L. and Parent, L.E. 2005. Phosphorus transformations in acid light-textured soils treat with dry swine manure. Can. J. Soil Sci. 85, 75-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4141/S03-049
- Mac Faddin, F. J. 1980. Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria. Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltsimore Vol. 1, USA.
- Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R., 1982. Salicylic acid thiosulphate modification of Kjeldhal method to include nitrate and nitrite, In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2 Agronomy, 621-622.
- Pikovskaya, R.I., 1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital capacity of source microbial species. Microbiologia, 17, 362-370.
- Rokni, N., Goltapeh, M. E. and Alizadeh, A., 2010. Some new recorded species of Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi associated with sugarcane crop in Iran. J of Agricultural technology, 6(1), 67-68.
- Saha, N. and Biswas, S., 2009. Mineral Phosphate solubilising bacterial community African journal of biotechnology 8(20), 6863-6870.
- Sharma, K., 2005. In: Manual of Microbiology. Isolation, Purification and Identification of Bacteria. Ane Books Pub. New Delhi, 41.
- Tabatabai M.A. and Bremner, J.M., 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of phosphatase activity. Soil biology and Biochemistry 1, 301-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(69)90012-1
References
Bray R.H. and Kurtz L.T., 1945. Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils, Soil Science 59, 39-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-194501000-00006
Bryant, T. N., 2003. Probablistic Identification of bacteria, PIB computer kit, medical statistics and computing University Southampton, S094 XYUK.
Fankem, H., Nwaga, D., Deubel, A., Dieng, L., Merbach, W. and Etoa, F. X., 2006. Occurrence and functioning of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms from oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) rhizosphere in Cameroon. African J. Biotech. 5, 2450-2460.
Gaur, A.C., 1990. In “Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms as biofertilizers.” Omega Scientific Publisher.
Gerdemann, J. W. and Nicolson, T. H., 1963. Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting British Mycological Society Published by Elsevier Ltd 46(2), 235-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(63)80079-0
Halder, A.K., Mishra, A.K., Bhattacharya, P. and Chakrabarty, P.K., 1990. Solubilization of inorganic phosphate by Rhizobium. Indian J. Microbiol., 30, 311-314.
Harley, J. L. and Smith, S. E., 1983 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press, Toronto.
Khan, A. A., Jilani, G., Akhtar, M. S., Naqvi, S. M. S. and Rasheed, M., 2009. Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria: Occurrence, Mechanisms and their Role in Crop Production J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 1(1), 48-58.
Khiari, L. and Parent, L.E. 2005. Phosphorus transformations in acid light-textured soils treat with dry swine manure. Can. J. Soil Sci. 85, 75-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4141/S03-049
Mac Faddin, F. J. 1980. Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria. Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltsimore Vol. 1, USA.
Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R., 1982. Salicylic acid thiosulphate modification of Kjeldhal method to include nitrate and nitrite, In: Methods of soil analysis. Part 2 Agronomy, 621-622.
Pikovskaya, R.I., 1948. Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital capacity of source microbial species. Microbiologia, 17, 362-370.
Rokni, N., Goltapeh, M. E. and Alizadeh, A., 2010. Some new recorded species of Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi associated with sugarcane crop in Iran. J of Agricultural technology, 6(1), 67-68.
Saha, N. and Biswas, S., 2009. Mineral Phosphate solubilising bacterial community African journal of biotechnology 8(20), 6863-6870.
Sharma, K., 2005. In: Manual of Microbiology. Isolation, Purification and Identification of Bacteria. Ane Books Pub. New Delhi, 41.
Tabatabai M.A. and Bremner, J.M., 1969. Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of phosphatase activity. Soil biology and Biochemistry 1, 301-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(69)90012-1