Main Article Content
Abstract
Metal oxides have gained a growing interest in the field of material science owing to their size and shape dependent physiochemical properties. Tin oxide (SnO2) is considered as a multifaceted material with its widespread applications such as oxidation catalysis, energy harvesting, bio-imaging, gas sensing, storage devices and many more. This study reports the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles derived via sol-gel route. To observe the effect of thermal treatment on the grown material, the samples were subjected to calcination at different temperature ranging from 350 °C to 550 °Cfor about 4 hrs. The structural, compositional, morphological and optical properties of Tin oxide were studied by XRD, EDAX, FESEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis respectively. The XRD pattern consists only SnO2 peaks with preferred orientation along (110) plane. The crystallite size increases with higher calcination temperature and is found in the range of 3-15 nm. All the peaks corresponding to SnO2 matches with the standard data indicating the growth of good quality single phase material. Compositional data reveals that that grown material manifested in required stoichiometric ratio of SnO. Scanning electron micrographs show uniform growth of SnO2 nanoparticles with particle size ranging from 10-20 nm. The energy band gap of the SnO2 calculated by optical studies was 3.1eV and 3.0 eV for 450 °Cand 550 °Crespectively. The calculated band gap lies in the visible region of the solar spectrum which could be beneficial for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the SnO2 nanoparticles.
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References
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- Baco, S., Chik, A., & Md. Yassin, F. (2012). Study on Optical Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Film at Different Annealing Temperature. Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1) 61-71.
- Diallo, A., Manikandan, E., Rajendran, V., & Maaza, M. (2016). Physical enhanced photocatalytic properties of green synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles via Aspalathus linearis. Journal of Alloys and Compdounds, 681, 561–570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.200
- Gaber, A., Abdel-Rahim, M.A., Abdel-Latief, A.Y. & Abdel-Salam M. N. (2014). Influence of Calcination Temperature on the Structure and Porosity of Nanocrystalline SnO2 Synthesized by a Conventional Precipitation method. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 9(1), 81-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)07699-X
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- Parashar, M., Shukla, V.K., & Singh, R. (2020). Metal oxides nanoparticles via sol–gel method: a review on synthesis, characterization and applications. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(5), 3729–3749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-02994-8
- Patel, G. H., Chaki, S. H., Kannaujiya, R. M., Parekh, Z. R., Hirpara, A. B., Khimani, A. J., & Deshpande, M. P. (2021). Sol-gel synthesis and thermal characterization of SnO2 nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 613, 412987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2021.412987
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- Rasheed, R.T., & Al-Algawi, S. D. (2016). Annealing Effect of SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by the Sol–Gel Method. Journal of Advanced Physics,5(3), 236–240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jap.2016.1262
- Tazikeh, S., Akbari, A., Talebi, A. et al. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of tin oxide nanoparticles via the Co- precipitation method. Materials Science-Poland 32, 98–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s13536-013-0164-y
- Vidhya, M., Raja Pandi, P., Archana, R., Sadayandi, K., Sagadevan, Suresh., Gunasekaran, S., Podder, J., Mohammad, Faruq., Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, Won, Chun Oh. (2020). Comparison of sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity of semiconductor metal oxides of tin oxide and cadmium oxide nanoparticles, Optik, 217, 164878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164878
- Zulfiqar; Khan, R., Yuan, Y., Iqbal, Z., Yang, J., Wang, W., Ye, Z., & Lu, J. (2017). Variation of structural, optical, dielectric and magnetic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28(6), 4625–4636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-6101-1
References
Ahmed, A. S., Azam, A., Muhamed Shafeeq, M., Chaman, M., & Tabassum, S.(2012). Temperature dependent structural and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 73(7), 943–947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2012.02.030
Al-Hada, N.M.; Kamari, H.M.; Baqer, A.A.; Shaari, A.H.; Saion, E. (2018) Thermal Calcination-Based Production of SnO2 Nanopowder: An Analysis of SnO2 Nanoparticle Characteristics and Antibacterial Activities. Nanomaterials , 8(4), 250, 18 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8040250
Baco, S., Chik, A., & Md. Yassin, F. (2012). Study on Optical Properties of Tin Oxide Thin Film at Different Annealing Temperature. Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1) 61-71.
Diallo, A., Manikandan, E., Rajendran, V., & Maaza, M. (2016). Physical enhanced photocatalytic properties of green synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles via Aspalathus linearis. Journal of Alloys and Compdounds, 681, 561–570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.200
Gaber, A., Abdel-Rahim, M.A., Abdel-Latief, A.Y. & Abdel-Salam M. N. (2014). Influence of Calcination Temperature on the Structure and Porosity of Nanocrystalline SnO2 Synthesized by a Conventional Precipitation method. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 9(1), 81-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1452-3981(23)07699-X
Habte, A. G., Hone, F. G. & Dejene, F. B. (2020). Influence of annealing temperature on the structural, morphological and optical properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 580, 411760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2019.411760
Kaur, M., Prasher, D., & Sharma, R. (2022). Recent Developments on I and II Series Transition Elements Doped SnO2 Nanoparticles and its Applications For Water Remediation Process: A Review. Journal of Water and Environmental Nanotechnology, 7(2), 194-217.
Kundu, V. S., Dhiman, R. L., Singh, D., Maan, A. S., & Arora, S. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of tin oxide nanoparticles via sol-gel method using ethanol as solvent. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Engineering, 2(1), 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4810207
Lin, S.S., Tsai, Y.S., & Bai, K.R. (2016):Structural and physical properties of tin oxide thin films for optoelectronic applications. Applied Surface Science,380, 203–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.01.188
Mohana Priya, S., Geetha, A., & Ramamurthi, K. (2016). Structural, morphological and optical properties of tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel method adding hydrochloric acid. Journal of Sol-gel Science and Technology, 78(2), 365–372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-016-3966-7
Nehru, L. C., Swaminathan, V., & Sanjeeviraja, C. (2012). Photoluminescence Studies on Nanocrystalline Tin Oxide Powder for Optoelectronic Devices. American Journal of Materials Science, 2(2), 6–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5923/j.materials.20120202.02
Khaenamkaew, Panya , Dhonluck Manop, Chaileok Tanghengjaroen, Worasit Palakawong Na Ayuthaya, (2020). Crystal Structure, Lattice Strain, Morphology, and Electrical Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles Induced by Low Calcination Temperature, Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, Article ID 3852421, 10 pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3852421
Parashar, M., Shukla, V.K., & Singh, R. (2020). Metal oxides nanoparticles via sol–gel method: a review on synthesis, characterization and applications. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(5), 3729–3749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-02994-8
Patel, G. H., Chaki, S. H., Kannaujiya, R. M., Parekh, Z. R., Hirpara, A. B., Khimani, A. J., & Deshpande, M. P. (2021). Sol-gel synthesis and thermal characterization of SnO2 nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 613, 412987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2021.412987
Pawar, B.G., Pinjari, D.V., Kolekar, S.S., Pandit, A.B., & Han, S.H. (2012). Effect of Sintering Temperatures on the Synthesis of SnO2 Nanospheres. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/954869
Rasheed, R.T., & Al-Algawi, S. D. (2016). Annealing Effect of SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by the Sol–Gel Method. Journal of Advanced Physics,5(3), 236–240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1166/jap.2016.1262
Tazikeh, S., Akbari, A., Talebi, A. et al. (2014). Synthesis and characterization of tin oxide nanoparticles via the Co- precipitation method. Materials Science-Poland 32, 98–101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s13536-013-0164-y
Vidhya, M., Raja Pandi, P., Archana, R., Sadayandi, K., Sagadevan, Suresh., Gunasekaran, S., Podder, J., Mohammad, Faruq., Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, Won, Chun Oh. (2020). Comparison of sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity of semiconductor metal oxides of tin oxide and cadmium oxide nanoparticles, Optik, 217, 164878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164878
Zulfiqar; Khan, R., Yuan, Y., Iqbal, Z., Yang, J., Wang, W., Ye, Z., & Lu, J. (2017). Variation of structural, optical, dielectric and magnetic properties of SnO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 28(6), 4625–4636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-016-6101-1