Main Article Content
Abstract
A study was carried out for three years (2019, 2020 & 2021) in the experimental field at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mizoram Centre, Kolasib, Mizoram to check the performances of seven ginger genotypes viz., Gurubathani, Bold Nadia, Bhaise, John's ginger, PGS 121, PGS 95 and PGS 102 against Local ginger cv Thingria and their economic feasibility for commercialization in Mizoram, India. Out of seven genotypes when compared with Local ginger cv Thingria, five genotypes have out yielded Local cultivar in the range of 21.25 to 45.45% with Bhaise having 45.45% higher rhizome yield than Local ginger. On the other hand, Bold Nadia possesses a combination of good quality traits. The highest B:C ratio was obtained in Bhaise (2.08) followed by PGS 102 (1.99), Gorubathani (1.95) and Bold Nadia (1.87). The highest cost of cultivation was contributed by labour cost which was 53.40% of total cost of cultivation. The four genotypes viz., Bold Nadia, Bhaise, PGS 102 and Gorubathani can be selected as potential genotypes possessing optimum combination of all traits. Based on economic analysis, these genotypes can be considered for commercial purposes under Mizoram condition. Different production systems such as intercropping, pro-tray technology, and bulb extraction method may increase the overall income of farmers. Farmers need to venture the possibilities of value addition in ginger on commercial basis. Government intervention is required for creating marketing infrastructures, initiating youth-centered schemes, occasional skill training and developing farmer-friendly policies to protect them from market risks and exploitation. Ginger has been an important horticultural crop and widely marketed spice crop of Mizoram, a potential enterprise contributing to state economy
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References
- Abua, M. N., Iwo, G. A., Ittah, M. A., Obok, E. E., & Edugbo, R. E. (2021). Growth and yield performance of mutant ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) lines in South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 9(5), 110-123.
- Acharya, N., Acharya, B., Dhungana, S. M., & Bist, V. (2019). Production economics of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) in Salyan district of Nepal. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4(4), 424-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.040408
- Afzal, M., Al-Hadidi, D., Menon, M., Pesek, J., & Dhami, M. S. (2001). Ginger: an ethnomedical, chemical and pharmacological review. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 18, 159–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/DMDI.2001.18.3-4.159
- Aggarwal, S., Korla, B. N., & Sharma, V. (2002). Effect of dates of planting and mulch materials on growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Haryana Journal of Horticultural Science, 31(1 & 2), 108-110.
- Amin, M. R., Ikbal, T. M. T., Miah, M. M. U., Hakim, M. A., & Manullah, A. S. M. A. (2010). Performance of ginger under agroforestry system. Bangladesh Research Publication, 4, 208-217.
- Anargha, T., Sreekala, G. S., Nair, D. S., & Abraham, M. (2020). Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) genotypes. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 58(2), 168-178.
- Anonymous (2021a). Selected state-wise area, production and productivity of Ginger in India. Indiastat. Retrieved on October 10, 2022 from https://www.indiastat.com/table/ginger/selected-state-wise-area-production-productivity-g/1220749#.
- Anonymous (2021b). Sate-wise area, production and productivity of ginger in North East India (2022-21). Retrieved on October 10, 2022 from https://www.indiastat.com/table/north-east-region/ginger/ selected-state-wise-area-production-productivity-g/1220749.
- AOAC (1975). Official methods of analysis. Association of official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C. Babu, M. S., Kumar, B. P., Swami, D. V., Krishna, K. U., & Emmanuel, N. (2019). Impact of shade net condition on growth, rhizome and yield characters of ginger. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 3481-3485.
- Babu, M. S., Kumar, B. P., Swami, D. V., Krishna, K. U., & Emmanuel, N. (2019). Impact of shade net condition on growth, rhizome and yield characters of ginger. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 3481- 3485.
- Balakrishnamurty, G., Kamal, K. R., & Prabu, T. (2009). Standardization of organic manures and bioregulants for organic production of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). In: Selvan, M. T., Cheriyan, H., Manoj, K. and Meena, B. (Eds.), Production Technology for Organic Spices. Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, Calicut, Kerala, India. pp. 123–30.
- Baruah, A., & Deka, J. (2019). Effect of inter-cropping and weed management on the economics of ginger production. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(10), 2275-2281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.264
- Bhuiyan, M. M., Roy, S., Sharma, P. C., Rashid, M. H., & Bala, P. (2012). Impact of multistoried agro-forestry systems on growth and yield of turmeric and ginger at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Crop Production, 1(1), 19-23.
- Chukwudi, U. P., Agbo, C. U., Echezona, B. C., Eze, E. I., Kutu, F. R., & Mavengahama, S. (2020). Variability in morphological, yield and nutritional attributes of ginger (Zingiber officinale) germplasm in Nigeria. Research on Crops, 21(3), 634-642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2020.099
- Ewuziem, J. E., & Onyenobi, V. O. (2012). Cost and return analysis of ginger production in the Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. The Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 10(2), 26-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v10i2.3
- Ezez, D., & Tefera, M. (2021). Effects of solvents on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ginger extracts. Journal of Chemistry, 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6635199
- GOK (2011). Report on cost of cultivation of important crops in Kerala 2010-11. Government of Kerala. Department of Economics & Statistics. Thiruvananthapuram.
- Hiscox, J. D., & Israelstam, G. F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany,57(12), 1332-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b79-163
- Islam, K. M., Islam, A. K. M. A., Rasul, M. G., Sultana, N., & Mian, M. A. K. (2008). Genetic variability and character association in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture, 12(1), 21-26.
- Lepcha, B., Avasthe, R., Singh, R., Singh, N. J., & Phukan, P. (2019). Effect of organic nutrient sources on productivity, profitability and quality of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in acid soils of Eastern Himalayas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 89(7), 1103-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i7.91651
- Mahender, B., Reddy, P. S. S, Sivaram, G. T., Balakrishna, M., & Prathap, B. (2015). Effect of seed rhizome size and plant spacing on growth, yield and quality of ginger (zingiber officinale Rosc.) under coconut cropping system. Plant Archives, 15(2), 769-774.
- Martini, D. K. T., & Paramita, D. P. R. (2021). The effect of planting distance and Bokashi from several types of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of elephant ginger variety (Zingiber Officinale var. Roscoe). Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 8(1), 10-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.512.2021.81.10.14
- Oluyemi, K. A, Okwuonu, U. C, Baxter, D. G., & Oyesola, T. O. (2007). Toxic effects of methanolic exract of Aspiliaafricana leaf on the estrous cycle and uterine tissues of Wistar rats. International Journal of Management, 25(3), 609–614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022007000300023
- Poudel, R. R., Regmi, P. P., Thapa, R. B., Gc, Y. D., & Kc, D. B. (2017). Economic analysis of ginger cultivation in selected locations of Nepal. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 42(4), 681-691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v42i4.35795
- Rajesh, K., Suleman, M., & Amit, K. (2019). Studies on intercropping of turmeric and ginger in mango orchard. Annals of Biology, 35(2), 225-228.
- Regeena, S., & Kandaswamy, A. (1987). Economics of ginger cultivation in Kerala. South Indian horticulture, 40(1), 53–56.
- Ridwansyah, Y., Yusraini, E., Rahmawati, N., & Harahap, M. S. M. (2020). Growth performance of three ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) varieties in crate system. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018), Research in Industry 4.0, pp. 132-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5220/0010102801320135
- Shadap, A., Hegde, N. K., & Pariari, A. (2013). Performance of ginger var. Humnabad as influenced by planting dates under northern dry zone of Karnataka. The Bioscan, 8(1), 131-133.
- Shil, S., Nath, D., & Mondal, J. (2018). Effect of propagation methods on yield attributes and economics of ginger production under agro-climatic condition of Tripura. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(5), 3790-3793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.440
- Shukla, S. S., Saraf, S., & Saraf, S. (2012). Development and Validation of spectrophotometric fingerprint method of 6-gingerol in herbal formulation: Talisadi Churna. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology,5(1), 138-140.
- Singh, A. K. (2001). Correlation and path analysis for certain metric traits in ginger. Annals of Agricultural Research, 22, 285–286.
- Singh, S. P. (2013). Response of different combination of organic manures for production of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture, 8, 35–8.
- Singh, S. P., Chaudhary, R., & Mishra, A. K. (2009). Effect of different combination of organic manures on growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc). Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture, 4, 22–4.
- Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In: Methods in enzymology, 299, 152-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
- Smart, R. E. (1974). Photosynthesis by grapevine canopies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 11(3), 997–1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2401759
- Smith, C., Crowther, C., Willson, K., Hotham, N., & McMillian, V. (2004). A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103(4), 639-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec
- Soni, J. K., Dayal, V., Sunani, S. K., Lalramhlimi, B., Lungmuana & Shakuntala, I. (2022a). Performance of ginger genotypes on growth, yield and quality traits under Mizoram condition. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 35(1), 106-114.
- Soni, J. K., Lalramhlimi, B., & Shakuntala, I. (2022b). Ginger cultivation in Mizoram: status, constraints, sustainable approaches and prospects. In Book Advances in Agricultural, Animal and Fisheries Sciences. Znan Publishers, Society for Technology, Environment, Science & People Kozhikode, India. (ISBN: 978-81-956227-2-6). pp: 47-58.
- Supriya, G. S., Bhoomika, H. R., Ganapathi, M., Nataraj, S. K., & Ravi, C. S. (2020). Effect of different media and nutrients on growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in soilless culture under protected structure. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(6), 2004-2007.
- USAID (2011). Value chain/market analysis of the ginger sub-sector. Nepal economic agriculture and trade activity-USAID. General development office, Kathmandu, Nepal. p. 8.
- Utpala, P., Johny, A. K., Parthasarathy, V. A., Jayarajan, K. & Madan, M. S. (2006). Diversity of ginger cultivation in India-a GIS study. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops,15(2), 93-99.
- Vastrad, N. V., Hegde, R. V., & Girtammanavar, V. A. (2006). Effect of light intensity and vermicompost and yield of ginger. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 19, 941-945.
- WHO (1999). World Health Organization. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1, 277-287.
- Willetts, K. E., Ekangaki, A., & Eden, J. A. (2003). Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,43, 139-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x
- Williams, L. E. (1987). Growth of Thompson Seedless grapevines: I. Leaf area development and dry weight distribution. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 112(2), 325–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.112.2.325
- Yoshida, S. (1976). Routine procedure for growing rice plants in culture solution. In: Yoshida, S., Forno, D. A. and Cock, J. H. (Eds.), Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 61-66.
- Zhang, X., Iwaoka, W. T., Huang, A. S., Nakamoto, S. T., & Wong, R. (1994). Gingerol decreases after processing and storage of ginger. Journal of Food Science, 59, 1338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb14710.x
References
Abua, M. N., Iwo, G. A., Ittah, M. A., Obok, E. E., & Edugbo, R. E. (2021). Growth and yield performance of mutant ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) lines in South-Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, 9(5), 110-123.
Acharya, N., Acharya, B., Dhungana, S. M., & Bist, V. (2019). Production economics of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rose.) in Salyan district of Nepal. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 4(4), 424-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.040408
Afzal, M., Al-Hadidi, D., Menon, M., Pesek, J., & Dhami, M. S. (2001). Ginger: an ethnomedical, chemical and pharmacological review. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 18, 159–190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/DMDI.2001.18.3-4.159
Aggarwal, S., Korla, B. N., & Sharma, V. (2002). Effect of dates of planting and mulch materials on growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Haryana Journal of Horticultural Science, 31(1 & 2), 108-110.
Amin, M. R., Ikbal, T. M. T., Miah, M. M. U., Hakim, M. A., & Manullah, A. S. M. A. (2010). Performance of ginger under agroforestry system. Bangladesh Research Publication, 4, 208-217.
Anargha, T., Sreekala, G. S., Nair, D. S., & Abraham, M. (2020). Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) genotypes. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 58(2), 168-178.
Anonymous (2021a). Selected state-wise area, production and productivity of Ginger in India. Indiastat. Retrieved on October 10, 2022 from https://www.indiastat.com/table/ginger/selected-state-wise-area-production-productivity-g/1220749#.
Anonymous (2021b). Sate-wise area, production and productivity of ginger in North East India (2022-21). Retrieved on October 10, 2022 from https://www.indiastat.com/table/north-east-region/ginger/ selected-state-wise-area-production-productivity-g/1220749.
AOAC (1975). Official methods of analysis. Association of official Agricultural Chemists, Washington, D.C. Babu, M. S., Kumar, B. P., Swami, D. V., Krishna, K. U., & Emmanuel, N. (2019). Impact of shade net condition on growth, rhizome and yield characters of ginger. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 3481-3485.
Babu, M. S., Kumar, B. P., Swami, D. V., Krishna, K. U., & Emmanuel, N. (2019). Impact of shade net condition on growth, rhizome and yield characters of ginger. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(3), 3481- 3485.
Balakrishnamurty, G., Kamal, K. R., & Prabu, T. (2009). Standardization of organic manures and bioregulants for organic production of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). In: Selvan, M. T., Cheriyan, H., Manoj, K. and Meena, B. (Eds.), Production Technology for Organic Spices. Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development, Calicut, Kerala, India. pp. 123–30.
Baruah, A., & Deka, J. (2019). Effect of inter-cropping and weed management on the economics of ginger production. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(10), 2275-2281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.810.264
Bhuiyan, M. M., Roy, S., Sharma, P. C., Rashid, M. H., & Bala, P. (2012). Impact of multistoried agro-forestry systems on growth and yield of turmeric and ginger at Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Crop Production, 1(1), 19-23.
Chukwudi, U. P., Agbo, C. U., Echezona, B. C., Eze, E. I., Kutu, F. R., & Mavengahama, S. (2020). Variability in morphological, yield and nutritional attributes of ginger (Zingiber officinale) germplasm in Nigeria. Research on Crops, 21(3), 634-642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2020.099
Ewuziem, J. E., & Onyenobi, V. O. (2012). Cost and return analysis of ginger production in the Guinea Savannah of Nigeria. The Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 10(2), 26-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v10i2.3
Ezez, D., & Tefera, M. (2021). Effects of solvents on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ginger extracts. Journal of Chemistry, 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6635199
GOK (2011). Report on cost of cultivation of important crops in Kerala 2010-11. Government of Kerala. Department of Economics & Statistics. Thiruvananthapuram.
Hiscox, J. D., & Israelstam, G. F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany,57(12), 1332-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/b79-163
Islam, K. M., Islam, A. K. M. A., Rasul, M. G., Sultana, N., & Mian, M. A. K. (2008). Genetic variability and character association in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Annals of Bangladesh Agriculture, 12(1), 21-26.
Lepcha, B., Avasthe, R., Singh, R., Singh, N. J., & Phukan, P. (2019). Effect of organic nutrient sources on productivity, profitability and quality of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in acid soils of Eastern Himalayas. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 89(7), 1103-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i7.91651
Mahender, B., Reddy, P. S. S, Sivaram, G. T., Balakrishna, M., & Prathap, B. (2015). Effect of seed rhizome size and plant spacing on growth, yield and quality of ginger (zingiber officinale Rosc.) under coconut cropping system. Plant Archives, 15(2), 769-774.
Martini, D. K. T., & Paramita, D. P. R. (2021). The effect of planting distance and Bokashi from several types of organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of elephant ginger variety (Zingiber Officinale var. Roscoe). Agriculture and Food Sciences Research, 8(1), 10-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.512.2021.81.10.14
Oluyemi, K. A, Okwuonu, U. C, Baxter, D. G., & Oyesola, T. O. (2007). Toxic effects of methanolic exract of Aspiliaafricana leaf on the estrous cycle and uterine tissues of Wistar rats. International Journal of Management, 25(3), 609–614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-95022007000300023
Poudel, R. R., Regmi, P. P., Thapa, R. B., Gc, Y. D., & Kc, D. B. (2017). Economic analysis of ginger cultivation in selected locations of Nepal. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 42(4), 681-691. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v42i4.35795
Rajesh, K., Suleman, M., & Amit, K. (2019). Studies on intercropping of turmeric and ginger in mango orchard. Annals of Biology, 35(2), 225-228.
Regeena, S., & Kandaswamy, A. (1987). Economics of ginger cultivation in Kerala. South Indian horticulture, 40(1), 53–56.
Ridwansyah, Y., Yusraini, E., Rahmawati, N., & Harahap, M. S. M. (2020). Growth performance of three ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) varieties in crate system. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018), Research in Industry 4.0, pp. 132-135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5220/0010102801320135
Shadap, A., Hegde, N. K., & Pariari, A. (2013). Performance of ginger var. Humnabad as influenced by planting dates under northern dry zone of Karnataka. The Bioscan, 8(1), 131-133.
Shil, S., Nath, D., & Mondal, J. (2018). Effect of propagation methods on yield attributes and economics of ginger production under agro-climatic condition of Tripura. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(5), 3790-3793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.440
Shukla, S. S., Saraf, S., & Saraf, S. (2012). Development and Validation of spectrophotometric fingerprint method of 6-gingerol in herbal formulation: Talisadi Churna. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology,5(1), 138-140.
Singh, A. K. (2001). Correlation and path analysis for certain metric traits in ginger. Annals of Agricultural Research, 22, 285–286.
Singh, S. P. (2013). Response of different combination of organic manures for production of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture, 8, 35–8.
Singh, S. P., Chaudhary, R., & Mishra, A. K. (2009). Effect of different combination of organic manures on growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc). Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture, 4, 22–4.
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In: Methods in enzymology, 299, 152-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
Smart, R. E. (1974). Photosynthesis by grapevine canopies. Journal of Applied Ecology, 11(3), 997–1006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2401759
Smith, C., Crowther, C., Willson, K., Hotham, N., & McMillian, V. (2004). A randomized controlled trial of ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 103(4), 639-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.AOG.0000118307.19798.ec
Soni, J. K., Dayal, V., Sunani, S. K., Lalramhlimi, B., Lungmuana & Shakuntala, I. (2022a). Performance of ginger genotypes on growth, yield and quality traits under Mizoram condition. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 35(1), 106-114.
Soni, J. K., Lalramhlimi, B., & Shakuntala, I. (2022b). Ginger cultivation in Mizoram: status, constraints, sustainable approaches and prospects. In Book Advances in Agricultural, Animal and Fisheries Sciences. Znan Publishers, Society for Technology, Environment, Science & People Kozhikode, India. (ISBN: 978-81-956227-2-6). pp: 47-58.
Supriya, G. S., Bhoomika, H. R., Ganapathi, M., Nataraj, S. K., & Ravi, C. S. (2020). Effect of different media and nutrients on growth and yield of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in soilless culture under protected structure. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(6), 2004-2007.
USAID (2011). Value chain/market analysis of the ginger sub-sector. Nepal economic agriculture and trade activity-USAID. General development office, Kathmandu, Nepal. p. 8.
Utpala, P., Johny, A. K., Parthasarathy, V. A., Jayarajan, K. & Madan, M. S. (2006). Diversity of ginger cultivation in India-a GIS study. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops,15(2), 93-99.
Vastrad, N. V., Hegde, R. V., & Girtammanavar, V. A. (2006). Effect of light intensity and vermicompost and yield of ginger. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 19, 941-945.
WHO (1999). World Health Organization. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1, 277-287.
Willetts, K. E., Ekangaki, A., & Eden, J. A. (2003). Effect of a ginger extract on pregnancy-induced nausea: a randomised controlled trial. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,43, 139-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0004-8666.2003.00039.x
Williams, L. E. (1987). Growth of Thompson Seedless grapevines: I. Leaf area development and dry weight distribution. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 112(2), 325–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.112.2.325
Yoshida, S. (1976). Routine procedure for growing rice plants in culture solution. In: Yoshida, S., Forno, D. A. and Cock, J. H. (Eds.), Laboratory Manual for Physiological Studies of Rice, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, pp. 61-66.
Zhang, X., Iwaoka, W. T., Huang, A. S., Nakamoto, S. T., & Wong, R. (1994). Gingerol decreases after processing and storage of ginger. Journal of Food Science, 59, 1338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb14710.x