Main Article Content
Abstract
Virus, bacteria and fungi are the most common causes for spreading illness in human and in animals. These are the microorganisms and they can cause epidemic and pandemic diseases. World is passing through many viral epidemics affecting respiratory system since last twenty years. It includes SARS-CoV 2002-2003, H1N1 Influenza 2009, MERS-CoV 2012 to the recent COVID-2019. COVID-19 is a viral pandemic infection this is air borne illness that is spreading through droplet infection. This virus especially affects the respiratory system by doing immunosuppression in person. In Ayurveda there are references of Janapadodhwamsa in Charaka samhita vimansthan. Janapadodhwamsa – is the term coined by Charak which means destruction of population living in same place at the same time because of 4 main reasons i.e. Dushit vayu (Air), Dushit jala (water), Dushit desh (land), Dushit kaal (time) Janapadodhwamsha causes death of individuals in the affected area inflicting huge destruction.
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References
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- Misra SB. Bhavprakash. vol. 169. 9th ed. Misra B, Vaisya R, editors. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan
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- Patel Devang, Baghel. A. S, Vasaiya Sunita, Kamal Kumar, Shital Bhagiya (2017). Relation of deha prakriti and vyadhikshamatva (immunity): a review study, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 8(5):90-94 https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.085251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.085251
- Pedersen, A., Zachariae, R., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2010). Influence of psychological stress on upper respiratory infection-a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Psychosomatic medicine, 72(8), 823-832. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f1d003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f1d003
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- Sharma, R.K. Bhagavan, Dash (2018). Charaka Samhita Text with English translation,volume 2, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office Varanasi, Vimanasthana 3/7-8, page no.142-144
- Sharma, S., Zhang, M., Gao, J., Zhang, H., & Kota, S. H. (2020). Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. Science of the total environment, 728, 138878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878
- Shastri Satyanarayan (2012). Charak SamhitaVidyotni Hindi Vyakhya, Sutrasthana, Reprint, Varanasi, Choukambha Bharti Academy, Page number-587
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- Sukumar, Bargale Sushant and Shashirekha R H.K. (2018). Textbook of Swasthavritha reprint-2018, page no-415, Choukhambha Sanskrit Samsthana, Varanasi.
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- Chaukhamba Publications, Vimana sasthana, 3rd Adhyaya, 8th verse, page no. 241
- Yue, G. G., Chan, B. C., Hon, P. M., Kennelly, E. J., Yeung, S. K., Cassileth, B. R., & Lau, C. B. (2010). Immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharide extract isolated from Curcuma longa. International journal of biological macromolecules, 47(3), 342-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.019
References
Ali, I., & Alharbi, O. M. (2020). COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Science of the total Environment, 728, 138861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138861 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138861
Bedford, J., Enria, D., Giesecke, J., Heymann, D. L., Ihekweazu, C., Kobinger, G., & Wieler, L. H. (2020). COVID-19: towards controlling of a pandemic. The lancet, 395(10229), 1015-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30673-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30673-5
Bhatia, R. (2020). Need for integrated surveillance at human-animal interface for rapid detection & response to emerging coronavirus infections using One Health approach. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 151(2-3), 132. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_623_20 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_623_20
Bherwani, H., Nair, M., Musugu, K., Gautam, S., Gupta, A., Kapley, A., & Kumar, R. (2020). Valuation of air pollution externalities: comparative assessment of economic damage and emission reduction under COVID-19 lockdown. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(6), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00845-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00845-3
Casanova, L. M., Jeon, S., Rutala, W. A., Weber, D. J., & Sobsey, M. D. (2010). Effects of air temperature and relative humidity on coronavirus survival on surfaces. Applied and environmental microbiology, 76(9), 2712-2717. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02291-09 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02291-09
Chanprasopchai, P., Pongsumpun, P., & Tang, I. M. (2017). Effect of rainfall for the dynamical transmission model of the dengue disease in Thailand. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2541862 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2541862
Chunekar, K.C. (2006). Bhavaprakasa Nighantu, edited by Dr. G.S.Pandey, Varanasi: Chaukambha Bharati Academy; Page 269 10.
Diwedi BK. (2008). Editor., Dhanvantari Nighantu, : Guducyâdi varge, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi;. Pg. 25
Doremalen, Van N., Bushmaker, T., & Munster, V. J. (2013). Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions. Eurosurveillance, 18(38), 20590. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.38.20590 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.38.20590
Dutta,Shastri & Kaviraj, Ambika (2009). Susruta Samhita, Ayurveda tattva Sandipika, Hindivyakhya, nidansthana, Reprint, Chaukambha Bharti Academy,Page no-325.
Fisher, D., & Wilder-Smith, A. (2020). The global community needs to swiftly ramp up the response to contain COVID-19. The Lancet, 395(10230), 1109-1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30679-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30679-6
Ghanekar BG. Rutucharyam Adhyay. In: Sushrut samhita. vol. 22. Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidas Publication;. p. 21-5.
Gupta Kaviraja Atrideva (1997). Ashtanga Hridayam of Vagbhata, Choukhambha Sanskrit Samsthan, Varanasi, 12th edition, Sutrasthana 1/19, page no.10
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), (2020) https://icmr.nic.in/sites/default/?les/whats_new/ICMR_ website_update_25Mrarch_8PM_IST.pdf.
Kalhori, S. N., Ghazisaeedi, M., Azizi, R., & Naserpour, A. (2019). Studying the influence of mass media and environmental factors on influenza virus transmission in the US Midwest. Public health, 170, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.02.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.02.006
Lai, C. C., Shih, T. P., Ko, W. C., Tang, H. J., & Hsueh, P. R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 55(3), 105924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924
Ma, Y., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., He, X., Wang, B., Fu, S., & Luo, B. (2020). Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Science of the total environment, 724, 138226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138226
Masihi, K. N. (2001). Fighting infection using immunomodulatory agents. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 1(4), 641-653. https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.1.4.641 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1517/14712598.1.4.641
Mishra Bhava (2002)., Bhavaprakasha Nighantu: Haritakyadi Varga-39. 10th ed. Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; Varanasi:. p. 10.
Misra SB. Bhavprakash. vol. 169. 9th ed. Misra B, Vaisya R, editors. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan
Pandey, Gyanendra (2002). Dravyaguna Vijnana, Part 1, 2nd Edition-, Krishnadas Academy 2002. P. 698-700
Park, J. E., Son, W. S., Ryu, Y., Choi, S. B., Kwon, O., & Ahn, I. (2020). Effects of temperature, humidity, and diurnal temperature range on influenza incidence in a temperate region. Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 14(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12682
Patel Devang, Baghel. A. S, Vasaiya Sunita, Kamal Kumar, Shital Bhagiya (2017). Relation of deha prakriti and vyadhikshamatva (immunity): a review study, International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 8(5):90-94 https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.085251 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.085251
Pedersen, A., Zachariae, R., & Bovbjerg, D. H. (2010). Influence of psychological stress on upper respiratory infection-a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Psychosomatic medicine, 72(8), 823-832. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f1d003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181f1d003
Pinto, N. (2020). Lockdown is a curfew, only emergency services open. India Today. https://www. indiatoday. in/india/story/coronavirus-lockdown-curfew-bengaluru-police-commissioner-bhaskar-rao-karnataka-covid-19-1658912-2020-03-24.
Poole, L. (2020). Seasonal influences on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19), causality, and forecastabililty (3-15-2020) SSRN Electron. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3554746 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3554746
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp. 2020.102066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Ramberg, J. E., Nelson, E. D., & Sinnott, R. A. (2010). Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides: a systematic review of the literature. Nutrition journal, 9(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-54 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-54
Shankar, A. H., & Prasad, A. S. (1998). Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 68(2), 447S-463S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447S DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.2.447S
Sharma, P.V. (1998). Caraka samhita text with English translation,Vimansthana, Chaukhambha orientalia, Varanasi, Fourth edition , Page number-315-316
Sharma, P.V. (2009). DravyaGuna Vigyan, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy Publication, Varanasi, vol.2, 341:758.
Sharma, R.K. Bhagavan, Dash (2018). Charaka Samhita Text with English translation,volume 2, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series Office Varanasi, Vimanasthana 3/7-8, page no.142-144
Sharma, S., Zhang, M., Gao, J., Zhang, H., & Kota, S. H. (2020). Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on air quality in India. Science of the total environment, 728, 138878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138878
Shastri Satyanarayan (2012). Charak SamhitaVidyotni Hindi Vyakhya, Sutrasthana, Reprint, Varanasi, Choukambha Bharti Academy, Page number-587
Shi, P., Dong, Y., Yan, H., Li, X., Zhao, C., Liu, W., ... & Xi, S. (2020). The impact of temperature and absolute humidity on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak-evidence from China. MedRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20038919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20038919
Sukumar, Bargale Sushant and Shashirekha R H.K. (2018). Textbook of Swasthavritha reprint-2018, page no-415, Choukhambha Sanskrit Samsthana, Varanasi.
Tripathi B. (2007). Purvardha Vimansthan Chapter 3 janpadoddhavansa vimaniy adhyy. In: Pandey G, editor. Charak Samhita. vol. 40. Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan. p. 675-87.
Yadav Trikamji Acharya (2014). Charaka Samhita of Agnivesha elaborated by Charaka and Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita with Ayurveda Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta, edited by, reprinted 2014, New Delhi
Chaukhamba Publications, Vimana sasthana, 3rd Adhyaya, 8th verse, page no. 241
Yue, G. G., Chan, B. C., Hon, P. M., Kennelly, E. J., Yeung, S. K., Cassileth, B. R., & Lau, C. B. (2010). Immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharide extract isolated from Curcuma longa. International journal of biological macromolecules, 47(3), 342-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.019