Main Article Content
Abstract
A field trial was conducted for the wheat crop at four different altitudes in Himachal Pradesh namely Palampur, Malan, Dhaulakuan and Bajaura. Energy is one of the most important inputs in agricultural production. It is used for farm operations, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides and is obtained from different renewable and non-renewable sources like diesel/petrol, human labour, animal draught, and electricity. The variation in crop production and energy consumption was determined at various altitudes. The most important set of features responsible for increased wheat yield, technology, input energy, and agro-climatic zone. At location, Bajaura produced the highest output energy (171081.7 MJ/ha) which means maximum grain and straw yield. The maximum energy consumption at Bajaura because of the long spell and good crop health to provide more irrigations required more labour for harvesting and threshing. The Increase in energy inputs enhances the output such as yield, biomass and productivity in different ecosystems. This involves making the most use of available energy inputs to boost output even higher in the key wheat growing regions.
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References
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References
Ashraf, M. N., Mahmood, M. H., Sultan, M., Banaeian, N., Usman, M., Ibrahim, S. M., Butt, M. U. B. U., Waseem, M., Ali, I., Shakoor, A., & Khan, Z. M. (2020). Investigation of Input and Output Energy for Wheat Production: A Comprehensive Study for Tehsil Mailsi (Pakistan). Sustainability, 12, 6884. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12176884
Chaudhary, V. P., Gangwar, B., & Pandey, D. K. (2006). Auditing of Energy Use and Output of Different Cropping Systems in India. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal, 3, Manuscript EE 05 001.
Chaudhary, V. P., Gangwar, B., Pandey, D. K., & Gangwar, K. S., (2009). Energy auditing of diversified rice-wheat cropping system in Indo-gangetic plains. Energy, 34(9), 1091-1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.04.017
Chilur, R., & Yadachi, S., (2017). Energy Audit of Maize Production System of Selected Villages of North Karnataka, India. International Journal Current Microbiology and Applied Science, 6(8), 3564-3571. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.427
Jat, H. S., Jat, R. D., Nanwal, R. K., Lohan, S. K., Yadav, A. K., Poonia, T., Sharma, P. C., & Jat, M. L. (2020). Energy use efficiency of crop residue management for sustainable energy and agriculture conservation in NW India. Renewable Energy, 155, 1372-1382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.046
Modi, R. U., Ali, M., Parmar, R. P., & Namdev, S. K., (2018). Energy Audit Application for Rice-Wheat Cropping System. Oriental Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 11(4), 209-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13005/ojcst11.04.06
Mani, I., Kumar, P., Panwar, J. S., & Kant, K., (2007). Variation in energy consumption in production of wheat– maize with varying altitudes in hilly regions of Himachal Pradesh, India. Energy, 32, 2336–2339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.07.004
Nassir, A. J., Ramadhan, M. N., & Alwan, A. A. M. (2021). Energy Input-Output Analysis in Wheat, Barley and Oat Production. Indian Journal of Ecology, 48(1), 304-307.
Parveen., Singh, A., & Dogra, R. (2020). Energy requirement for the sowing of wheat after the in-situ management of paddy residues. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 13(1), 10-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/IJAE/13.1/10-18
Singh, H., Singh, A. K., Kushwaha, H. L., & Singh, A. (2007). Energy consumption pattern of wheat production in India. Energy, 32, 1848–1854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.03.001
Singh, G., Singh, P., Sodhi, G. P. S., & Tiwari, D. (2021). Energy auditing and data envelopment analysis (DEA) based optimization for increased energy use efficiency in wheat cultivation (Triticum aestiumL.) in north-western India. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101453
Saad, A. A., Das, T. K., Rana, D. S., Sharma, A. R., Bhattacharyya, R., & Lal, K. (2016). Energy auditing of a maize wheat green gram cropping system under conventional and conservation agriculture in irrigated north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Energy, 116, 293-305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.115
Singh, P., Benbi D. K., & Verma, G., (2020). Nutrient Management Impacts on Nutrient Use Efficiency and Energy, Carbon, and Net Ecosystem Economic Budget of a Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Northwestern India. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 21, 559–577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-020-00383-y