Main Article Content
Abstract
Cassia fistula Linn. is a plant of family febaceae. It is commonly known as golden shower, Indian laburnum, and rajvriksha. It has been popular as a common drug of choice for Ayurveda experts from ancient time due to its various therapeutic properties like laxative, hepato-protective, antibacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, anticolic, antifertility, etc. and it useful in the management of many diseases like kushtha (skindiseases), jwara (febrile conditions), hridyaroga (cardiac problems), visarpa (herpes), vatarakta (gout), madhumeha (diabetesmellitus), arsha (piles), bhagandar (fistula in ano) etc. It is found in over all India and other adjacent countries, especially in Himalayan tract and outer Himalaya region. Its extract mainly contains Anthraquinone, fisulic acid, resins, flavinoids, rhein glycoside. Beside references from Ayurvedic classical texts, this article described researches which carried out on this plant for its clinical and pharmacological evaluation.
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References
- Agnihotri, A. and Singh, V. 2013. Effect of Tamarindus indica Linn.and Cassia fistula Linn. stem bark extracts on oxidative stress and diabetic conditions. Acta Pol Pharm, 70:1011-1209.
- Akanmu, M. A. Iwalewa1, E. O., Elujoba, A. A. and Adelusola, K. A. 2004. Toxicity Potentials Of Cassia Fistula Fruits As Laxative With Reference To Senna. African Journal of Biomedical Research,7(1): 23-26.
- Bahorun, T, Neergheen, V. S. and Aruoma, O. I. 2005. Phytochemical constituents of Cassia fistula. African Journal of Biochemistry, 4(13):1530-1540.
- Bhakta, T., Banerjee, S., Mandal, S. C., Maity, T. K., Saha, B. P. and Pal, M. 2001. Hepatoprotective activity of Cassia fistula leaf extract, Phytomedicine. 8(3): 220-224.
- Bhakta, T., Banerjee, S., Mandal, S. C., Maity, T. K., Saha, B. P. and Pal, M. 1997. Wound healing activity of Cassia fistula Linn.(Leguminosae) leaf (methanol extract) in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol,9: 35-38.
- Bhakta, T., Mukherjee, P. K., Saha, K., Pal, M.,Saha, B. P. and Mandal, S. C. 1999. Evaluation of antiinflammatory effects of Cassia fistula (leguminosae) Journal of Herbs,Spices & Medicinal Plants, 6(4): 67-72.
- Bhakta, T., Mukherjee, P., Saha, K., Pal, M. and Saha, B. P. 1998. Studies on Antitussive Activity of Cassia fistula Leaf Extract.Journal of Pharma.Bio, 36: 140-43.
- Bhalodia, N. R., Nariya, P. B., Acharya,R. N. and Shukla V. J. 2012. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Cassia fistula Linn.fruit pulp extracts. AYU (An international quarterly journal of researchin Ayurveda), 33 (1): 123-129. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.100329
- Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L. and Chpora, I. C. 2006. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources: 54.
- Daisy, P. and Saipriya, K. 2012. Biochemical analysis of Cassia fistula aqueous extract and phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Int J Nanomedicine, 7:1189-1202.
- Danish, M., Singh, P., Mishra, G., Srivastava, S., Jha, K. K. and Khosa, R. L. 2011. Cassia fistula Linn.(Amulthus)- An Important Medicinal Plant: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties, J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 1 (1): 101-118.
- Duraipandiyana, V. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2007. Antibacerial and antifungal activity of Cassia fistula Linn.: An Ethnomedicinal plant. Journal of Ethanopharmacology, 112: 590-94.
- Einstein, J. W., Rais, M. M. and Mohd, M. A. 2013. Comparative evaluation of the antidiabetic effects of different parts of Cassia fistula Linn, a Southeast Asian Plant.J Chem,:744-763.
- Govindarajan, M. 2009. Bioefficacy of Cassia fistula Linn.(Leguminosae) leaf extract against chikungunyavector, Aedesaegypti (Diptera, Culicidae), Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.13(2): 99-103.
- Gupta, R. K. 2010. Medicinal & Aromatic plants, 1st edition, CBS publishers & distributors, 116-117.
- Ilavarasan, R., Mallika, M. and Venkataraman, S. 2005. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Cassia fistula Linn. Bark extracts. Afr. J. Trad., 2 (1): 70 – 85.
- Jarald, E. E., Joshi, S. B, Jain, D. C. and Edwin, S. 2013. Biochemical evaluation of the hypoglycemic effects of extract and fraction of Cassia fistula Linn. inalloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharm Sci,75:427-434.
- Kannampalli, P., Chandrasekaran, V. R. M., Kuppannan, G. and Sivanesan, K. 2007. Effect of Cassia fistula Linn.leaf extract on diethylnitrosamine induced hepatic injury in rats. Journal of Chemico-Biological Interaction., 167: 12-18.
- Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D. 2006. Indian Medicinal Plants, International book distributors, 2: 856-860.
- Kumar, M. and Chaudhari, V. 2013. Evaluation of purgation activity of cassia fistula in skin diseases due to vitiated pitta Dosha, Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine, 1(4): 1-10.
- Kumar, P. H. 2000. Role of Aragvadhadi sutra in the management of fistula -in-ano, Ancient Science of Life, 19(3): 110-112.
- Lee, C. K., Ping-Hung, L. and Yueh?Hsmng, K. 2001. The chemical constituents from the aril Cassia fistula Linn. Journal of Chinese Chemical Society, 48: 1053-58.
- Malpani, S. N., Manjunath, K. P., Hasanpasha, S., Savadi, R. V. AkkiKusum, S. and Darade, S. S. 2010. Antidiabetic activity of Cassia fistula Linn. Bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int. Journal of Pharm. Sciences, 2: 382-85.
- Misra, T. R., Singh, R. S., Pandey, H. S. and Singh, B. K. 1997. A new diterpene from Cassia fistula pods. Fitoterapia, (58): 375.
- Narhari, P. 2003. Raj Nighantu, edited by TripathiIndradeva, 3rd Edition,ChaukambhaKrishndas Academy Varanasi: 272-273.
- Nirmala, A., Eliza, J., Rajalakshmi, M., Edel, P. and Daisy, P. 2008. Effect of Hexane Extract of Cassia fistula Barks on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Pharmacology, 4(4): 292-296.10.3923/ijp.2008.292.296
- Panda, S. K. and Padhi, L. P. 2011. Mohanty G. Antibacterial activities and phytochemical analysis of Cassia fistula (Linn.) leaf. J AdvPharmTechnol Res, 2: 627.
- Phongpaichit, S., Pujenjob, N., Rukachaisirikul, V. and Ongsakul, M. 2004. Antifungal activity from leaf extracts of Cassia alata, Cassia fistula and Cassia tora L. Songklanakarin. Journal Sci. Technology, 26: 741-48.
- Pitchai, D. and Manikkam, R. 2012. Hypoglycemic and insulin mimetic impact of catechin isolated from Cassia fistula: A substantiate in silico approach through docking analysis. Med Chem Res, 21: 2238-50.
- Rajagopal, P. L., Premaletha, K., Kiron, S. S. and Sreejith, K. R. 2013. Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Cassia fistula Linn.the golden shower. Int J Pharm ChemBiolSci, 3:672-679.
- Rajesh, Y. and Jain, G. C. 2009. Effect of Petroleum ether extract of Cassia Fistula Seeds on Uterine Histoarchitecture of Ovariectomized Female Rats. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 1(3): 438-444.
- Sartorelli, P., Carvalho, C. S., Reimao, J. Q., Ferreira, M. J. and Tempone, A. G.2009. Antiparasitic activity of biochanin A, an isolated isoflavone from fruits of Cassia fistula (Leguminosae).Parasitology Research,104(2): 311-314.doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1193
- Senthil, K. M., Sripriya, R., Vijaya, R. H and Sehgal, P. K. 2006.Wound healing potential of Cassia fistula on infected albino rat model. J Surg Res, 131: 283-289.
- Swetha, 2009. Meiofauna in relation to sediment characteristics in Mulki estuary, Dakshina Kannada. M.F.Sc., thesis. Kar. Vet. Ani. Fish. Sci. Univ., Bidar.
- Shankar, S. and Mathew, L. 2012. Chemopreventive Potential of Methanol Extract of Stem Bark of Cassia Fistula L.In Mice.IJPI’S Journal of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Formulations, 2: 8.
- Tripathi, S. K., 2002. Distribution of phytoplankton in relation to hydrographic parameters of Nethravati-Gurupur estuary, Mangalore (Dakshina Kannada). M.F.Sc., thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.
- Vasudevan, D. T., Dinesh, K. R., Gopalkrishnan, S., Sreekanthc, S. K. and Shekar, S. 2009. The potential of aqueous and isolated fraction from leaves of Cassia fistula Linn as antibacterial agent. Int J Chem Sci, 7: 2363-2367.
- Vijaya Kumar, S. K., Rajesh, K.M., Mendon, M. R. and Hariharan, V., 2000. Seasonal distribution and behavior of nutrients with reference to tidal rhythm in the Mulki estuary, South West Coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 42: 21-31.
- Ysebaert, J. D., Jones, B. H., Dickey, T. D., Brink, K. H., Weller, R. A., Marra, J. and Codispoti, L. A., 2002. The Northeast Monsoon's impact on mixing, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient cycling in the Arabian Sea. J. of Deep-Sea Res.,2(47): 1353-1385.
References
Agnihotri, A. and Singh, V. 2013. Effect of Tamarindus indica Linn.and Cassia fistula Linn. stem bark extracts on oxidative stress and diabetic conditions. Acta Pol Pharm, 70:1011-1209.
Akanmu, M. A. Iwalewa1, E. O., Elujoba, A. A. and Adelusola, K. A. 2004. Toxicity Potentials Of Cassia Fistula Fruits As Laxative With Reference To Senna. African Journal of Biomedical Research,7(1): 23-26.
Bahorun, T, Neergheen, V. S. and Aruoma, O. I. 2005. Phytochemical constituents of Cassia fistula. African Journal of Biochemistry, 4(13):1530-1540.
Bhakta, T., Banerjee, S., Mandal, S. C., Maity, T. K., Saha, B. P. and Pal, M. 2001. Hepatoprotective activity of Cassia fistula leaf extract, Phytomedicine. 8(3): 220-224.
Bhakta, T., Banerjee, S., Mandal, S. C., Maity, T. K., Saha, B. P. and Pal, M. 1997. Wound healing activity of Cassia fistula Linn.(Leguminosae) leaf (methanol extract) in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol,9: 35-38.
Bhakta, T., Mukherjee, P. K., Saha, K., Pal, M.,Saha, B. P. and Mandal, S. C. 1999. Evaluation of antiinflammatory effects of Cassia fistula (leguminosae) Journal of Herbs,Spices & Medicinal Plants, 6(4): 67-72.
Bhakta, T., Mukherjee, P., Saha, K., Pal, M. and Saha, B. P. 1998. Studies on Antitussive Activity of Cassia fistula Leaf Extract.Journal of Pharma.Bio, 36: 140-43.
Bhalodia, N. R., Nariya, P. B., Acharya,R. N. and Shukla V. J. 2012. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Cassia fistula Linn.fruit pulp extracts. AYU (An international quarterly journal of researchin Ayurveda), 33 (1): 123-129. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.100329
Chopra, R. N., Nayar, S. L. and Chpora, I. C. 2006. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources: 54.
Daisy, P. and Saipriya, K. 2012. Biochemical analysis of Cassia fistula aqueous extract and phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus. Int J Nanomedicine, 7:1189-1202.
Danish, M., Singh, P., Mishra, G., Srivastava, S., Jha, K. K. and Khosa, R. L. 2011. Cassia fistula Linn.(Amulthus)- An Important Medicinal Plant: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties, J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 1 (1): 101-118.
Duraipandiyana, V. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2007. Antibacerial and antifungal activity of Cassia fistula Linn.: An Ethnomedicinal plant. Journal of Ethanopharmacology, 112: 590-94.
Einstein, J. W., Rais, M. M. and Mohd, M. A. 2013. Comparative evaluation of the antidiabetic effects of different parts of Cassia fistula Linn, a Southeast Asian Plant.J Chem,:744-763.
Govindarajan, M. 2009. Bioefficacy of Cassia fistula Linn.(Leguminosae) leaf extract against chikungunyavector, Aedesaegypti (Diptera, Culicidae), Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.13(2): 99-103.
Gupta, R. K. 2010. Medicinal & Aromatic plants, 1st edition, CBS publishers & distributors, 116-117.
Ilavarasan, R., Mallika, M. and Venkataraman, S. 2005. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Cassia fistula Linn. Bark extracts. Afr. J. Trad., 2 (1): 70 – 85.
Jarald, E. E., Joshi, S. B, Jain, D. C. and Edwin, S. 2013. Biochemical evaluation of the hypoglycemic effects of extract and fraction of Cassia fistula Linn. inalloxan-induced diabetic rats. Indian J Pharm Sci,75:427-434.
Kannampalli, P., Chandrasekaran, V. R. M., Kuppannan, G. and Sivanesan, K. 2007. Effect of Cassia fistula Linn.leaf extract on diethylnitrosamine induced hepatic injury in rats. Journal of Chemico-Biological Interaction., 167: 12-18.
Kirtikar, K. R. and Basu, B. D. 2006. Indian Medicinal Plants, International book distributors, 2: 856-860.
Kumar, M. and Chaudhari, V. 2013. Evaluation of purgation activity of cassia fistula in skin diseases due to vitiated pitta Dosha, Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine, 1(4): 1-10.
Kumar, P. H. 2000. Role of Aragvadhadi sutra in the management of fistula -in-ano, Ancient Science of Life, 19(3): 110-112.
Lee, C. K., Ping-Hung, L. and Yueh?Hsmng, K. 2001. The chemical constituents from the aril Cassia fistula Linn. Journal of Chinese Chemical Society, 48: 1053-58.
Malpani, S. N., Manjunath, K. P., Hasanpasha, S., Savadi, R. V. AkkiKusum, S. and Darade, S. S. 2010. Antidiabetic activity of Cassia fistula Linn. Bark in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int. Journal of Pharm. Sciences, 2: 382-85.
Misra, T. R., Singh, R. S., Pandey, H. S. and Singh, B. K. 1997. A new diterpene from Cassia fistula pods. Fitoterapia, (58): 375.
Narhari, P. 2003. Raj Nighantu, edited by TripathiIndradeva, 3rd Edition,ChaukambhaKrishndas Academy Varanasi: 272-273.
Nirmala, A., Eliza, J., Rajalakshmi, M., Edel, P. and Daisy, P. 2008. Effect of Hexane Extract of Cassia fistula Barks on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profile in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Pharmacology, 4(4): 292-296.10.3923/ijp.2008.292.296
Panda, S. K. and Padhi, L. P. 2011. Mohanty G. Antibacterial activities and phytochemical analysis of Cassia fistula (Linn.) leaf. J AdvPharmTechnol Res, 2: 627.
Phongpaichit, S., Pujenjob, N., Rukachaisirikul, V. and Ongsakul, M. 2004. Antifungal activity from leaf extracts of Cassia alata, Cassia fistula and Cassia tora L. Songklanakarin. Journal Sci. Technology, 26: 741-48.
Pitchai, D. and Manikkam, R. 2012. Hypoglycemic and insulin mimetic impact of catechin isolated from Cassia fistula: A substantiate in silico approach through docking analysis. Med Chem Res, 21: 2238-50.
Rajagopal, P. L., Premaletha, K., Kiron, S. S. and Sreejith, K. R. 2013. Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Cassia fistula Linn.the golden shower. Int J Pharm ChemBiolSci, 3:672-679.
Rajesh, Y. and Jain, G. C. 2009. Effect of Petroleum ether extract of Cassia Fistula Seeds on Uterine Histoarchitecture of Ovariectomized Female Rats. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 1(3): 438-444.
Sartorelli, P., Carvalho, C. S., Reimao, J. Q., Ferreira, M. J. and Tempone, A. G.2009. Antiparasitic activity of biochanin A, an isolated isoflavone from fruits of Cassia fistula (Leguminosae).Parasitology Research,104(2): 311-314.doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1193
Senthil, K. M., Sripriya, R., Vijaya, R. H and Sehgal, P. K. 2006.Wound healing potential of Cassia fistula on infected albino rat model. J Surg Res, 131: 283-289.
Swetha, 2009. Meiofauna in relation to sediment characteristics in Mulki estuary, Dakshina Kannada. M.F.Sc., thesis. Kar. Vet. Ani. Fish. Sci. Univ., Bidar.
Shankar, S. and Mathew, L. 2012. Chemopreventive Potential of Methanol Extract of Stem Bark of Cassia Fistula L.In Mice.IJPI’S Journal of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Formulations, 2: 8.
Tripathi, S. K., 2002. Distribution of phytoplankton in relation to hydrographic parameters of Nethravati-Gurupur estuary, Mangalore (Dakshina Kannada). M.F.Sc., thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.
Vasudevan, D. T., Dinesh, K. R., Gopalkrishnan, S., Sreekanthc, S. K. and Shekar, S. 2009. The potential of aqueous and isolated fraction from leaves of Cassia fistula Linn as antibacterial agent. Int J Chem Sci, 7: 2363-2367.
Vijaya Kumar, S. K., Rajesh, K.M., Mendon, M. R. and Hariharan, V., 2000. Seasonal distribution and behavior of nutrients with reference to tidal rhythm in the Mulki estuary, South West Coast of India. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India. 42: 21-31.
Ysebaert, J. D., Jones, B. H., Dickey, T. D., Brink, K. H., Weller, R. A., Marra, J. and Codispoti, L. A., 2002. The Northeast Monsoon's impact on mixing, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient cycling in the Arabian Sea. J. of Deep-Sea Res.,2(47): 1353-1385.