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Abstract
In the Leh valley, apart from the river Indus, several nalas have a great significance on development of a number of villages and settlement areas. The present work is an effort to illustrate the pivotal role of the Stakmo nala in establishment of the Stakmo village. The study also seeks to emphasis the necessity of the nala basin management to sustain the natural resources for the existence of the villages. Various problems related with Leh city and its adjacent area have been studied by several scientists. However, most of the scientists hardly show interest in depicting the comprehensive roles of the different nalas for the construction of many settlement areas and their related issues in the Leh valley. Present authors have tried to unfold the role of nalas in development of landforms and land use pattern with special reference to Stakmo village, Leh valley. Along the Leh valley there are11 important nalas which have key role to supply necessary natural resources to develop a number of important villages and settlement areas. Undoubtedly, availability of natural resources of an area greatly influenced by the process of landform development and their characteristics, because landscape characteristics play a significant role in generation of local natural resources. Hence, in order to illustrate the significant role of the Stakmo nala in development of landforms and land use pattern in Stakmo village and its adjacent area, the authors analysed vivid geomorphic features of the Stakmo nala basin based on quantitative approach including morphometric techniques and field observation. Apart from morphometric analysis, field based data regarding nala sediment size, rock types, micro features, varied land use pattern of the Stakmo village including perception study of the local people have been tried to discuss in the work.
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References
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- Barrett, K.N. (2014). Assessing the determinants facilitating local vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities to climate change in high mountain environments: a case study of northern Ladakh, India. The University of Montana Missoula, 1-257.
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- Patel, V., Bisht, R. (2008). People perceptions of transformation in life through agriculture in Leh, Ladakh. Academic Council of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 1-260.
- Raghuvanshi, M.S., Ngawang, D., Singh, R.K., Manjunatha, B.L., Moharana, P.C., Saxena,A., (2019). Ladakh Traditional Farming: An Approach to Resource Utilization under Changing Climate. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci,8(9), 654-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.079
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- Searle, M.P. (2011). Geological evolution of the Karakoram Ranges. Ital.J.Geosci, 130 (2), 147-159.
- Sangode, S.J., Meshram, D.C., Rawat, S., Kulkarni, Y., Chate, D.M., & Gudadhe, S.S. (2017). Sedimentary and geomorphic signatures of a cloud burst and triggered flash floods in the Indus valley of Ladakh Himalaya. Himalayan Geology, 38(1), 12-29.
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- Ziegler, A.D., Cantarero, S. I., Wasson, R.J., Srivastava, P., Spalzin, S., Chow, W.T.L., Gillen, J. (2016). A clear and present danger: Ladakh’s increasing vulnerability to flash floods and debris flows. Hydrol Process, Wiley & Sons, 30, 4214–4223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10919
References
Arya, R. (2011). Leh Floods 2010: An Extreme Geological Event. Disaster & Development, 3(5), 103-130.
Barrett, K.N. (2014). Assessing the determinants facilitating local vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities to climate change in high mountain environments: a case study of northern Ladakh, India. The University of Montana Missoula, 1-257.
Dame, J., Schmidt,S., Muller,J., Nusser, M. (2019).Urbanisation and socio-ecological challenges in high mountain towns: Insights from Leh (Ladakh), India.Elsevier,189-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.04.017
Disaster management plan (2011). Leh district, Deputy Commissioner Office, Leh,1-103.
Eckis, R. (1928). Alluvial fans in the Cucamonga district, Southern California. Journal of Geology, 36(11), 1-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/623509
Ground water scenario of Himalayan Region, India, (2014), Central Ground water Board, Ministry of Water Resource, Government of India,1-226.
Gupta, R.D., and Arora, S. (2017). Characteristics of the soils of Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 16(3), 260-266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2455-7145.2017.00037.6
Koul, M.N., Bahuguna, I.M., Ajai, Rajawat, A.S., Ali Sadiq., Koul, S. (2016). Glacier Area Change over Past 50 Years to Stable Phase in Drass Valley, Ladakh Himalaya (India). American Journal of Climate Change, 5, 88-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2016.51010
Kumar, A., Srivastava, P. (2018). Landscape of the Indus River; Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The Indian Rivers, Springer Hydrogeology, 47-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2984-4_4
Lal, R., Saini, H.S., Pant, N.C., Mujtaba, S.A.I. (2019). Tectonics induced switching of provenance during the Late Quaternary aggradation of the Indus River Valley, Ladakh, India. Geoscience Frontiers, 10(1), 285-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.12.016
Leh climatological table period 1951-1980. (2018) Indian Meteorological Department.
Mukhopadhyay, S.C. (1980). On the materials, mechanism, movements and morphology, of the glacierized and its adjacent areas of Upper Tista Basin. Indian journal of Landscape System, Kolkata, 3, 92 – 103.
Mujtaba, S.A. I.,Lal, R., Saini, H.S., Kumar, P., & Pant, N. C. (2017). Formation and breaching of two palaeolakes around Leh, Indus valley, during the late Quaternary, The Himalayan Cryosphere: Past and Present. Geological Society, London, 462-473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP462.3
Patel, V., Bisht, R. (2008). People perceptions of transformation in life through agriculture in Leh, Ladakh. Academic Council of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 1-260.
Raghuvanshi, M.S., Ngawang, D., Singh, R.K., Manjunatha, B.L., Moharana, P.C., Saxena,A., (2019). Ladakh Traditional Farming: An Approach to Resource Utilization under Changing Climate. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci,8(9), 654-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.809.079
Sant, D.A., Wadhawan, S.k., Ganjoo, R.K., Basavaiah, N., Sukumaran, p. & Bhattacharya, S. (2011). Morphostratigraphy and palaeoclimate appraisal of the Leh valley, Ladakh Himalayas, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 77, 499–510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-011-0057-9
Searle, M.P. (2011). Geological evolution of the Karakoram Ranges. Ital.J.Geosci, 130 (2), 147-159.
Sangode, S.J., Meshram, D.C., Rawat, S., Kulkarni, Y., Chate, D.M., & Gudadhe, S.S. (2017). Sedimentary and geomorphic signatures of a cloud burst and triggered flash floods in the Indus valley of Ladakh Himalaya. Himalayan Geology, 38(1), 12-29.
WWF-India’s Relief work in Ladakh. (2010). wwf-india’s secretariat,172-B Lodi State, New Delhi.
Ziegler, A.D., Cantarero, S. I., Wasson, R.J., Srivastava, P., Spalzin, S., Chow, W.T.L., Gillen, J. (2016). A clear and present danger: Ladakh’s increasing vulnerability to flash floods and debris flows. Hydrol Process, Wiley & Sons, 30, 4214–4223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10919