Main Article Content
Abstract
As we all know that water is essential to all forms of life and makes up about 70% of the human body weight. Due to the direct link of water quality with human welfare, the quality of water is of vital concern. Industrialization plays major role in the development of a country’s economy. However, these plants and industries generate hazardous by-products and discharge them directly or partially treated into the environment which contaminates the surface water, ground water and soil causing a great threat to the life of human beings, animal and plants. In the present investigation an attempt has been made to identify the potential of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipus) and Duckweed (Lemna minor) for the treatment of industrial waste water generated from Dehradun industrial area using phytoremediation technology on the basis of different physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, DO, ORP, Salinity, TDS, BOD, COD, Hardness and Temperature. Eichornia crassipus shows maximum decrease in pH, TDS and COD and Lemna minor shows maximum decrease in EC, ORP, Salinity, BOD and TH. In case of DO maximum decrease was observed in control experiment. During the assessment period Lemna minor was found highly efficient in comparison to Eichornia crassipus. Both water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipus) and Duckweed (Lemna minor) shows maximum removal between 1st to 5th day of treatment but the removal goes down as the experiment proceeds towards the end as the retarded growth of plants was observed due to toxicity of accumulated pollutants inside the palnts.
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References
- APHA, AWWA WPCF (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. American Public Health Association, Washington 14th Edition. N. York. 193.
- Aoi, T. and Hayashi, T. (1996). Nutrient removal by water lettuce (Pisitiastratiotes). Water Science and Technology, 34: 407-412.
- Bartodziej, W. and Weymouth, G. (1995). Waterbird abundance and activity on water-hyacinth and Egeriain the St-Marks River, Florida. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 33: 19-22.
- Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D. R., Shubham and Ahamad, F. 2016. Physico-chemical analysis of Sewage water treatment plant at Jagjeetpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Environ. Cons. Jour.,17(3): 133-142.
- Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D. R., Tyagi, V. and Ahamad, F. 2016. Utilisation of free floating macrophytes for milk process unit wastewater treatment. Environ. Cons. Jour.,17(1&2): 1387-193.
- Borkar, R. P., Gulhane, M. L., and Kotangale, A. J. 2013. “Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor – A New Perspective in Wastewater Treatment”, Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 6(6): 15-21.
- Brendonck, L., Maes, J., Rommens, W., Dekeza, N., Nhiwatiwa, T., Barson, M., Callebaut, V., Phiri, C., Moreau, K., Gratwicke, B., Stevens, M., Alyn, N., Holsters, E., Ollevier, F., and Marshall, B. 2003. The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). II. Species diversity. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie, 158: 389-405.
- Cossu, R., Haarstad, K., Lavagnolo, M. C. and Littarru, P. 2001. Removal of municipal solid waste COD and NH4-N by phyto-reduction: A laboratory-scale comparison of terrestrial and aquatic species at different organic loads. Ecological Engineering, 16: 459-470.
- Cunningham, S. D., Shann, J. R., Crowley, D. E., Anderson, T. A. 1997. Phytoremediation of contaminated water and soil. In: Kruger E.L., Anderson, T.A., Coats, J.R., (eds.) Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. ACS symposiumseries 664. American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., 2-19.
- Dar, S. H., Kumawat, D. M., Singh, N. and Wani, K. A. 2011. Sewage treatment potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)., Res. J. Environ. Sci., 5(4): 377-385.
- Deshmukh , A. A., Bandela, N. N., Chavan, J. R. and Nalawade, P. M. 2013. Studies on Potential Use of Water Hyacinth, Pistia and Azolla for Municipal Waste Water Treatment. Environment, 3(11): 226-228.
- DIN, 2000. Duckweed growth inhibition test: Determination of the non-poisonous effect of water constituent and waste water to duck weed (Lemna minor, Lemnagibba), DeutschesInstitutfürNormunge.V. durchBeuthVerlag, Berlin: 19.
- Dipu, S., Kumar, A. A and Thanga, V. S. G. 2011. Phytoremediation of dairy effluent by constructed wetland technology., Environmentalist, 31: 263-278.
- Eberius, M. 2001. Assessment of inhibition values and comprehensive analysis of biotests. LemnaTec GmbH, Würselen, Online: http://www.lemnatec.com/Literatur/LT003.pdf
- Ensley, B. D. 2000. Rationale for the Use of Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean-up the environment. John Wiley Publishers: New York.
- EPA, 1996. Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test Using Lemna spp.: Tiers I and II - OPPTS 850.4400. United States Environmental Protection Agency Prevention,Pesticides and Toxic Substances Unit, New York: 9.
- Flathman, P. E. and Lanza, G. R. 1998. Phytoremediation: current views on an Emerging Green Technology, Journal of Soil Contamination, 7(4): 415-432.
- Fonseka, S. and Amarasinghe, D. 2016. Characterization of ground water hardness with special reference to Polpithigama Divisional Secretariat Area in Kurunegala district and potential use of plants to reduce water Hardness. Thesis submitted to department of Botany and the department of Chemistry, University of Kelaniya.
- Gibbons, M., Gibbons, Jr. H. and Sytsma, M. 1994. A Citizen's Manual for Developing Integraed Aquatic Vegetation Management Plans. inWater Environmental Services. Available Water Environmental Services.
- Giraldo, E. and Garzon, A. 2002. The potential for water hyacinth to improve the quality of Bogota River water in the Muña Reservoir: comparison with the performance of waste stabilization ponds. Water Science and Technology, 42: 103-110.
- Greenfield, B. K., Siemering, G. S., Andrews, J. C., Rajan M., Andrews, S. P. and Spencer, D. F. 2007. Mechanical shredding of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes): Effects on water quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California. Estuaries and Coasts, 30: 627-640.
- Greongerg, A. E., Connors, J. E., Jinkins, D. and Fransons, M. A. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water (15th ed., pp. 199–209). Washington DC: American Public Health Association, APHA.
- Hellmann, J. J., Byers, J. E., Bierwagen, B. G. and Dukes, J. S. 2008. Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22: 534-543.
- ISO. 2001. Water quality - Determination of the toxic effect of water constituents and waste water to duckweed (Lemna minor) - Duckweed growth inhibition test ISO TC 147/SC 5 N, International Organisation for Standardisation: Geneva, 26.
- Khanna D. R. and Bhutiani R. 2008. Laboratory manual of water and Waste water Analysis. Daya Publishing House New Delhi -110002.
- Kumar, V., Chopra, A. K. 2016. Reduction of pollution load of paper mill effluent by phytoremediation technique using water caltrop (Trapa natans L.). Cogent Environmental Science, 2: 1153216.
- Kumar, V., Chopra, A. K., Singh, J., Thakur, R. K., Srivastava, S., and Chauhan, R. K. 2016. Comparative assessment of phytoremediation feasibility of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms.) using pulp and paper mill effluent. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 1(1): 13-21.
- Kumar, V., Chopra, A. K., Singh, J., Thakur, R. K., Srivastava, S. and Chauhan, R. K. 2017b. Comparative assessment of phytoremediation feasibility of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms.) using pulp and paper mill effluent. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 1(1): 13-21.
- Kumar, V., Singh, J. and Chopra, A. K. 2017a. Assessment of phytokinetic removal of pollutants of paper mill effluent using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms), Environmental Technology, https://doi.org/ 10. 1080/ 09593330.2017.1365944
- Les, D. H., Crawford, D. J., Landolt, E., Gabel, J. D. and Kemball, R. T.2002. Phylogeny and systematics of Lemnaceae, the duckweed family. Systematic Botany, 27: 221-240.
- Les, D. H., Landolt, E. and Crawford, D. J. 1997. Systematics of the Lemnaceae (duckweeds): inferences from micromolecular and morphological data. Systematics and Evolutionary, 204: 161-177.
- Lu, J. B., Wu, J. G., Fu, Z. H. and Zhu, L. 2007. Water hyacinth in China: A sustainability science based management framework. Environmental Management, 40: 823-830.
- Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Islam, E., Hayat, Y., Hassan, M. J., Jilani, G. 2005. Lab scale studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Marts Solms) for biotreatment of textile waste water. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, 3: 83–88.
- Mangas-Ramirez, E. and Elias-Gutierrez, M. 2004. Effect of mechanical removal of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) on the water quality and biological communities in a Mexican reservoir. Journal of Aquatic Health and Management: 7161-168.
- Martinez Jimenez, M. and Gomez Balandra, M. A. 2007. Integrated control of Eichhorniacrassipesby using insects and plant pathogens in Mexico. Crop Protection, 26: 1234-1238.
- Meerhoff, M., Mazzeo, N., Moss, B. and Rodriguez-Gallego, L. 2003. The structuring role of freefloating versus submerged plants in a subtropical shallow lake. Aquatic Ecology, 37: 377-391.
- Mishra, S., Mohanty, M., Pradhan, C., Patra, H. K., Das, R., and Sahoo. S. 2013. Physico-chemical assessment of paper mill effluent and its heavy metal remediation using aquatic macrophytes—a case study at JK Paper mill, Rayagada, India. Environ Monit Assess, DOI 10.1007/s10661-012-2873-9, 185:4347–4359.
- Mkandawire, M., and Dudel, E. G. 2005a. Accumulation of arsenic in LemnagibbaL. (duckweed) in tailing waters of two abandoned uranium mines in Saxony, Germany. Science of the Total Environment, 336: 81-89.
- Mkandawire, M., and Dudel, E. G. 2005b. Assignment of LemnagibbaL. (duckweed) bioassay for in situ ecotoxicity assessment. Aquatic Ecology, 39: 151-165.
- OECD, 2002. OECD Guidelines for the testing of Chemicals: Lemnasp. Growth Inhibition Test. 221. Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development, Berlin: 22.
- Padmapriya, G., and Murugesan, A. G. 2012. Phytoremediation of various heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Hg) from aqueous solution using water hyacinth and its toxicity on plants. International Journal of Environmental Biology, 2(3): 97-103.
- Perna, C. and Burrows, D. 2005. Improved dissolved oxygen status following removal of exotic weed mats in important fish habitat lagoons of the tropical Burdekin River floodplain, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51: 138-148.
- Rahel, F. J. and Olden, J. D. 2008. Assessing the effects of climate change on aquatic invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22: 521-533.
- Reddy, K. R. 1983. Fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater retention reservoir containing aquatic macrophytes. J. Environ. Qual., 12: 137- 141.
- Rodríguez-Gallego, L. R., Mazzeo, N., Gorga, J., Meerhoff, M., Clemente, J. C. F. S., Lacerot, G., García, J. and Quintans, F. 2004. The effects of an artificial wetland dominated by freefloating plants on the restoration of a subtropical, hypertrophic lake. Lakes & Reservoirs, 9: 203-215.
- Rommens, W., Maes, J., Dekeza, N., Inghelbrecht, P., Nhiwatiwa, T., Holsters, E., Ollevier, F., Marshall, B. and Brendonck, L. 2003. The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). I. Water quality. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie, 158: 373-388.
- Schwitzguebel, J. 2000. Potential of Phytoremediation, an emerging green technology. In: Ecosystem Service and Sustainable Watershed Management in North China. Proceedings of International Conference, Beijing, P.R. China, August: 23-25.
- Selvarathi, P. and Ramasubramanian, V. J. 2010. Phytoremedial effect of Datura metel L. on paper mill effluent and its impact on Physicochemical characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Bioscience Research, 1(2): 94–100.
- Shah, R. A., Kumawat, D. M., Singh, N. and Wani, K. A. 2010. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a remediation tool for dye-effluent pollution., Int. J. Sci. Nature, 1(2): 172-178.
- Sooknah, R. D., and Wilkie, A. C. 2004. Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophytes cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater. Ecological Engineering, (22): 27- 42.
- Tiwari, S., Dixit, S. and Verma, N. 2007. An effective means of biofiltration of heavy metal contaminated water bodies using aquatic weed Eichhorniacrassipes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129: 253-256.
- Trivedi, R. K. and Goel, P. K. 1986. Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental publications; 1-250.
- Troutman, J. P., Rutherford, D. A. and Kelso, W. E. 2007. Patterns of habitat use among vegetationdwelling littoral fishes in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 136: 1063-1075.
- UNEP (Undated). Phytoremediation: An Environmentally Sound Technology for Pollution Prevention, Control and Redmediation. An Introductory Guide to Decision-Makers. Newsletter and Technical Publications Freshwater Management Series No. 2 United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics.
- Weis, J. S., and Weis, P. 2004. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Environ. Intl,: 685-700.
- Wilson, J. R. U., Ajuonu, O., Center, T. D., Hill, M. P., Julien, M. H., Katagira, F. F., Neuenschwander, P., Njoka, S. W., Ogwang, J., Reeder, R. H. and Van, T. 2007. The decline of water hyacinth on Lake Victoria was due to biological control by Neochetina spp. Aquatic Botany, 87: 90-93.
- Zimmels, Y., Kirzhner, F. and Malkovskaja, A. 2007. Advanced extraction and lower bounds for removal of pollutants from wastewater by water plants. Water Environment Research, 79: 287-296.
References
APHA, AWWA WPCF (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. American Public Health Association, Washington 14th Edition. N. York. 193.
Aoi, T. and Hayashi, T. (1996). Nutrient removal by water lettuce (Pisitiastratiotes). Water Science and Technology, 34: 407-412.
Bartodziej, W. and Weymouth, G. (1995). Waterbird abundance and activity on water-hyacinth and Egeriain the St-Marks River, Florida. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 33: 19-22.
Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D. R., Shubham and Ahamad, F. 2016. Physico-chemical analysis of Sewage water treatment plant at Jagjeetpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Environ. Cons. Jour.,17(3): 133-142.
Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D. R., Tyagi, V. and Ahamad, F. 2016. Utilisation of free floating macrophytes for milk process unit wastewater treatment. Environ. Cons. Jour.,17(1&2): 1387-193.
Borkar, R. P., Gulhane, M. L., and Kotangale, A. J. 2013. “Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor – A New Perspective in Wastewater Treatment”, Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 6(6): 15-21.
Brendonck, L., Maes, J., Rommens, W., Dekeza, N., Nhiwatiwa, T., Barson, M., Callebaut, V., Phiri, C., Moreau, K., Gratwicke, B., Stevens, M., Alyn, N., Holsters, E., Ollevier, F., and Marshall, B. 2003. The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). II. Species diversity. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie, 158: 389-405.
Cossu, R., Haarstad, K., Lavagnolo, M. C. and Littarru, P. 2001. Removal of municipal solid waste COD and NH4-N by phyto-reduction: A laboratory-scale comparison of terrestrial and aquatic species at different organic loads. Ecological Engineering, 16: 459-470.
Cunningham, S. D., Shann, J. R., Crowley, D. E., Anderson, T. A. 1997. Phytoremediation of contaminated water and soil. In: Kruger E.L., Anderson, T.A., Coats, J.R., (eds.) Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. ACS symposiumseries 664. American Chemical Society Washington, D.C., 2-19.
Dar, S. H., Kumawat, D. M., Singh, N. and Wani, K. A. 2011. Sewage treatment potential of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)., Res. J. Environ. Sci., 5(4): 377-385.
Deshmukh , A. A., Bandela, N. N., Chavan, J. R. and Nalawade, P. M. 2013. Studies on Potential Use of Water Hyacinth, Pistia and Azolla for Municipal Waste Water Treatment. Environment, 3(11): 226-228.
DIN, 2000. Duckweed growth inhibition test: Determination of the non-poisonous effect of water constituent and waste water to duck weed (Lemna minor, Lemnagibba), DeutschesInstitutfürNormunge.V. durchBeuthVerlag, Berlin: 19.
Dipu, S., Kumar, A. A and Thanga, V. S. G. 2011. Phytoremediation of dairy effluent by constructed wetland technology., Environmentalist, 31: 263-278.
Eberius, M. 2001. Assessment of inhibition values and comprehensive analysis of biotests. LemnaTec GmbH, Würselen, Online: http://www.lemnatec.com/Literatur/LT003.pdf
Ensley, B. D. 2000. Rationale for the Use of Phytoremediation. Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean-up the environment. John Wiley Publishers: New York.
EPA, 1996. Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test Using Lemna spp.: Tiers I and II - OPPTS 850.4400. United States Environmental Protection Agency Prevention,Pesticides and Toxic Substances Unit, New York: 9.
Flathman, P. E. and Lanza, G. R. 1998. Phytoremediation: current views on an Emerging Green Technology, Journal of Soil Contamination, 7(4): 415-432.
Fonseka, S. and Amarasinghe, D. 2016. Characterization of ground water hardness with special reference to Polpithigama Divisional Secretariat Area in Kurunegala district and potential use of plants to reduce water Hardness. Thesis submitted to department of Botany and the department of Chemistry, University of Kelaniya.
Gibbons, M., Gibbons, Jr. H. and Sytsma, M. 1994. A Citizen's Manual for Developing Integraed Aquatic Vegetation Management Plans. inWater Environmental Services. Available Water Environmental Services.
Giraldo, E. and Garzon, A. 2002. The potential for water hyacinth to improve the quality of Bogota River water in the Muña Reservoir: comparison with the performance of waste stabilization ponds. Water Science and Technology, 42: 103-110.
Greenfield, B. K., Siemering, G. S., Andrews, J. C., Rajan M., Andrews, S. P. and Spencer, D. F. 2007. Mechanical shredding of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes): Effects on water quality in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, California. Estuaries and Coasts, 30: 627-640.
Greongerg, A. E., Connors, J. E., Jinkins, D. and Fransons, M. A. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water (15th ed., pp. 199–209). Washington DC: American Public Health Association, APHA.
Hellmann, J. J., Byers, J. E., Bierwagen, B. G. and Dukes, J. S. 2008. Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22: 534-543.
ISO. 2001. Water quality - Determination of the toxic effect of water constituents and waste water to duckweed (Lemna minor) - Duckweed growth inhibition test ISO TC 147/SC 5 N, International Organisation for Standardisation: Geneva, 26.
Khanna D. R. and Bhutiani R. 2008. Laboratory manual of water and Waste water Analysis. Daya Publishing House New Delhi -110002.
Kumar, V., Chopra, A. K. 2016. Reduction of pollution load of paper mill effluent by phytoremediation technique using water caltrop (Trapa natans L.). Cogent Environmental Science, 2: 1153216.
Kumar, V., Chopra, A. K., Singh, J., Thakur, R. K., Srivastava, S., and Chauhan, R. K. 2016. Comparative assessment of phytoremediation feasibility of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms.) using pulp and paper mill effluent. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 1(1): 13-21.
Kumar, V., Chopra, A. K., Singh, J., Thakur, R. K., Srivastava, S. and Chauhan, R. K. 2017b. Comparative assessment of phytoremediation feasibility of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Solms.) using pulp and paper mill effluent. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 1(1): 13-21.
Kumar, V., Singh, J. and Chopra, A. K. 2017a. Assessment of phytokinetic removal of pollutants of paper mill effluent using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms), Environmental Technology, https://doi.org/ 10. 1080/ 09593330.2017.1365944
Les, D. H., Crawford, D. J., Landolt, E., Gabel, J. D. and Kemball, R. T.2002. Phylogeny and systematics of Lemnaceae, the duckweed family. Systematic Botany, 27: 221-240.
Les, D. H., Landolt, E. and Crawford, D. J. 1997. Systematics of the Lemnaceae (duckweeds): inferences from micromolecular and morphological data. Systematics and Evolutionary, 204: 161-177.
Lu, J. B., Wu, J. G., Fu, Z. H. and Zhu, L. 2007. Water hyacinth in China: A sustainability science based management framework. Environmental Management, 40: 823-830.
Mahmood, Q., Zheng, P., Islam, E., Hayat, Y., Hassan, M. J., Jilani, G. 2005. Lab scale studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Marts Solms) for biotreatment of textile waste water. Caspian Journal of Environmental Science, 3: 83–88.
Mangas-Ramirez, E. and Elias-Gutierrez, M. 2004. Effect of mechanical removal of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) on the water quality and biological communities in a Mexican reservoir. Journal of Aquatic Health and Management: 7161-168.
Martinez Jimenez, M. and Gomez Balandra, M. A. 2007. Integrated control of Eichhorniacrassipesby using insects and plant pathogens in Mexico. Crop Protection, 26: 1234-1238.
Meerhoff, M., Mazzeo, N., Moss, B. and Rodriguez-Gallego, L. 2003. The structuring role of freefloating versus submerged plants in a subtropical shallow lake. Aquatic Ecology, 37: 377-391.
Mishra, S., Mohanty, M., Pradhan, C., Patra, H. K., Das, R., and Sahoo. S. 2013. Physico-chemical assessment of paper mill effluent and its heavy metal remediation using aquatic macrophytes—a case study at JK Paper mill, Rayagada, India. Environ Monit Assess, DOI 10.1007/s10661-012-2873-9, 185:4347–4359.
Mkandawire, M., and Dudel, E. G. 2005a. Accumulation of arsenic in LemnagibbaL. (duckweed) in tailing waters of two abandoned uranium mines in Saxony, Germany. Science of the Total Environment, 336: 81-89.
Mkandawire, M., and Dudel, E. G. 2005b. Assignment of LemnagibbaL. (duckweed) bioassay for in situ ecotoxicity assessment. Aquatic Ecology, 39: 151-165.
OECD, 2002. OECD Guidelines for the testing of Chemicals: Lemnasp. Growth Inhibition Test. 221. Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development, Berlin: 22.
Padmapriya, G., and Murugesan, A. G. 2012. Phytoremediation of various heavy metals (Cu, Pb and Hg) from aqueous solution using water hyacinth and its toxicity on plants. International Journal of Environmental Biology, 2(3): 97-103.
Perna, C. and Burrows, D. 2005. Improved dissolved oxygen status following removal of exotic weed mats in important fish habitat lagoons of the tropical Burdekin River floodplain, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51: 138-148.
Rahel, F. J. and Olden, J. D. 2008. Assessing the effects of climate change on aquatic invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22: 521-533.
Reddy, K. R. 1983. Fate of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater retention reservoir containing aquatic macrophytes. J. Environ. Qual., 12: 137- 141.
Rodríguez-Gallego, L. R., Mazzeo, N., Gorga, J., Meerhoff, M., Clemente, J. C. F. S., Lacerot, G., García, J. and Quintans, F. 2004. The effects of an artificial wetland dominated by freefloating plants on the restoration of a subtropical, hypertrophic lake. Lakes & Reservoirs, 9: 203-215.
Rommens, W., Maes, J., Dekeza, N., Inghelbrecht, P., Nhiwatiwa, T., Holsters, E., Ollevier, F., Marshall, B. and Brendonck, L. 2003. The impact of water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) in a eutrophic subtropical impoundment (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe). I. Water quality. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie, 158: 373-388.
Schwitzguebel, J. 2000. Potential of Phytoremediation, an emerging green technology. In: Ecosystem Service and Sustainable Watershed Management in North China. Proceedings of International Conference, Beijing, P.R. China, August: 23-25.
Selvarathi, P. and Ramasubramanian, V. J. 2010. Phytoremedial effect of Datura metel L. on paper mill effluent and its impact on Physicochemical characteristics of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Bioscience Research, 1(2): 94–100.
Shah, R. A., Kumawat, D. M., Singh, N. and Wani, K. A. 2010. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a remediation tool for dye-effluent pollution., Int. J. Sci. Nature, 1(2): 172-178.
Sooknah, R. D., and Wilkie, A. C. 2004. Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophytes cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater. Ecological Engineering, (22): 27- 42.
Tiwari, S., Dixit, S. and Verma, N. 2007. An effective means of biofiltration of heavy metal contaminated water bodies using aquatic weed Eichhorniacrassipes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129: 253-256.
Trivedi, R. K. and Goel, P. K. 1986. Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental publications; 1-250.
Troutman, J. P., Rutherford, D. A. and Kelso, W. E. 2007. Patterns of habitat use among vegetationdwelling littoral fishes in the Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 136: 1063-1075.
UNEP (Undated). Phytoremediation: An Environmentally Sound Technology for Pollution Prevention, Control and Redmediation. An Introductory Guide to Decision-Makers. Newsletter and Technical Publications Freshwater Management Series No. 2 United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics.
Weis, J. S., and Weis, P. 2004. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland plants: implications for phytoremediation and restoration. Environ. Intl,: 685-700.
Wilson, J. R. U., Ajuonu, O., Center, T. D., Hill, M. P., Julien, M. H., Katagira, F. F., Neuenschwander, P., Njoka, S. W., Ogwang, J., Reeder, R. H. and Van, T. 2007. The decline of water hyacinth on Lake Victoria was due to biological control by Neochetina spp. Aquatic Botany, 87: 90-93.
Zimmels, Y., Kirzhner, F. and Malkovskaja, A. 2007. Advanced extraction and lower bounds for removal of pollutants from wastewater by water plants. Water Environment Research, 79: 287-296.