Main Article Content
Abstract
For the assessment of physicochemical and microbiological quality of Buddha Nallah the water samples were drawn from 7 different sites and analysed during winter (December 2020) and summer (May 2021) for most probable number, heterotrophic plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, indicator, emerging pathogens and physicochemical parameters. A strong correlation was found among the indicator organisms (r= 0.504-0.898), while relatively weak or no correlation was found between indicator and emerging pathogens. Moreover, the correlation between indicator and emerging pathogens was found to be heavily dependent on physicochemical parameters. Cluster analysis successfully classified the different polluted sites based on physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The water quality index (WQI) score of all sites was found between 0-25 indicating poor water quality and emergency treatment is required for reuse. Based on present study results, it has been concluded that water of study area is highly polluted and pose serious health risk concerns due to presence of fecal and emerging pathogens in samples.
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References
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References
Anonymous.(2014)."India's Manchester". BBC. 28 February 2006. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
APHA &AWWA, W. P. C. F. (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 20th edition. American Public Health Association, American Water Work Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.
APHA AWWA,W.E.F. (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22nd edition.American Public Health Association, American Water Work Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC.
APHA, &AWWA. (1971). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American Public Health Association.
Bhatia, D., Sharma, N. R., Kanwar, R., & Singh, J. (2018). Physicochemical assessment of industrial textile effluents of Punjab (India). Applied Water Science, 8(3), 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0728-4
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ram, K. (2021a). Quality assessment of groundwater at laksar block, haridwar in uttarakhand, India using water quality index: a case study. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 197-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2435
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ruhela, M. (2021b). Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 88-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2421
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V., & Ram, K. (2018). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(1&2), 191-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228
BIS. (2012). Indian standard drinking water specification. Bureau of Indian Standards. 10500.
Das, S., Kaur, S., & Jutla, A. (2021). Earth Observations Based Assessment of Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Surface Water Quality of Buddha Nala, Punjab, India. Water, 13(10), 1363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13101363
Goh, S. G., Saeidi, N., Gu, X., Vergara, G. G. R., Liang, L., Fang, H., & Gin, K. Y. H. (2019). Occurrence of microbial indicators, pathogenic bacteria and viruses in tropical surface waters subject to contrasting land use. Water research, 150, 200-215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.058
Jindal, R., & Sharma, C. (2011). Studies on water quality of Sutlej River around Ludhiana with reference to physicochemical parameters. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 174(1), 417-425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1466-8
Kaur, J., Kaur, V., Pakade, Y. B., & Katnoria, J. K. (2021). A study on water quality monitoring of Buddha Nullah, Ludhiana, Punjab (India). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 43(7), 2699-2722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00719-8
Koneman, E., Allen, S., Janda, W., Schreckenberger, P., & Winn, W. (1983). Diagnóstico microbiológico (No. 950-06-1250-X. 04-A2 LU. CG-52.).
Koster, W., Egli, T., Ashbolt, N., Botzenhart, K., Burlion, N., Endo, T., Grimont, P., Guillot, E., Mabilat, C., Newport, L., & Niemi, M. (2003). Analytical methods for microbiological water quality testing. Assessing microbial safety of drinking water, p.237.
Matta, G., Srivastava, S., Pandey, R. R., & Saini, K. K. (2017). Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of Ganga Canal water quality in Uttarakhand. Environment, development and sustainability, 19(2), 419-431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9735-x
Mavukkandy, M. O., Karmakar, S., & Harikumar, P. S. (2014). Assessment and rationalization of water quality monitoring network: a multivariate statistical approach to the Kabbini River (India). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(17), 10045-10066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3000-y
Mena-Rivera, L., Salgado-Silva, V., Benavides-Benavides, C., Coto-Campos, J. M., & Swinscoe, T. H. (2017). Spatial and seasonal surface water quality assessment in a tropical urban catchment: Burío River, Costa Rica. Water, 9(8), 558. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w9080558
Prasad, V. R., Srinivas, T. N. R., & Sarma, V. V. S. S. (2015). Influence of river discharge on abundance and dissemination of heterotrophic, indicator and pathogenic bacteria along the east coast of India. Marine pollution bulletin, 95(1), 115-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.032
Ruhela, M., Sharma, K., Bhutiani, R., Chandniha, S. K., Kumar, V., Tyagi, K., ... & Tyagi, I. (2022). GIS-based impact assessment and spatial distribution of air and water pollutants in mining area. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(21), 31486-31500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18009-w
Ruhela, M., Singh, V. K., & Ahamad, F. (2021). Assessment of groundwater quality of two selected villages of Nawada district of Bihar using water quality index. Environment Conservation Journal, 22(3), 387-394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2021.22344
Sharma, R., Kumar, R., Satapathy, S. C., Al-Ansari, N., Singh, K. K., Mahapatra, R. P., ... & Pham, B. T. (2020). Analysis of Water Pollution Using Different Physicochemical Parameters: A Study of Yamuna River. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.581591
Sinha, S. N., Paul, D., & Biswas, K. (2016). Effects of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. leaf extract in treatment of tannery effluent. Our Nature, 14(1), 47-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v14i1.16440
USEPA. (2012). Recreational Water Criteria. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water. 820-F-12-058.
VEA. (2011). Decision No. 879/ QÐ-TCMT Date 1/7/2011, Guideline on the Calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI). Vietnam Environmental Administration, Hanoi.
WHO. (2008). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization.
WHO. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, 216, 303-304.
Winkler, L. W. (1888). The determination of dissolved oxygen in water. Berlin DeutChem Gas, 21, 2843-2855.
Yisa, J., & Tijani, J.O. (2010). Analytical studies on water quality index of river Landzu. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2010.453.458