Water usage pattern in the aftermath of COVID-19
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Published
Feb 22, 2022
Venu Prasad H D
Naveena K
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-4770
Naveena K
Abstract
Maintenance of good health and avoiding a viral infection is the prime focus for an individual during COVID-19 pandemic. Water being a universal solvent is used widely to clean the disinfectants in public places and individual household level. This study was designed to find any change in the water consumption pattern among the households after the emergence of COVID-19. To study this, a questionnaire was prepared and sent to the respondents through Google Forms. Collected data was analysed using suitable statistical methods and the results indicate that there was a significant change in the consumption pattern of drinking water from cold to hot (37.98%) among the respondents and also with respect to the total water usage. As the disease is communicable in nature, more water is needed to clean and disinfect the surface areas, washing hands etc. This eventually has a significant burden on the water resources in countries where water is already deficient, like India. It is recommended to adopt water conservation practices/technologies at the individual level by means of rain water harvesting techniques or use of efficient water aerator taps etc. to reduce water consumption.
How to Cite
Prasad H D, V., & K, N. . (2022). Water usage pattern in the aftermath of COVID-19. Environment Conservation Journal, 23(1&2), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.021995-2210
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Keywords
Consumption pattern, COVID-19, drinking more water, hydro-thermal therapy, water usage
References
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Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03), 503-512.
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Ernst, E., Pecho, E., Wirz, P., & Saradeth, T. (1990). Regular Sauna Bathing and the Incidence of Common Colds. Annals of Medicine, 22(4), 225–227. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853899009148930
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PIB Delhi (02 MAR 2020). Per Capita Availability of Water. Ministry of Jal Shakti. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1604871
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Rathnayaka, K., Malano, H., Arora, M., George, B., Maheepala, S., & Nawarathna, B. (2017). Prediction of urban residential end-use water demands by integrating known and unknown water demand drivers at multiple scales II: Model application and validation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 118, 1-12.
Shaban, A., & Sharma, R. N. (2007). Water consumption patterns in domestic households in major cities. Economic and Political Weekly, 2190-2197.
Tyagi, S., Dubey, R. C., Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Multivariate Statistical analysis of river ganga water at Rishikesh and Haridwar, India. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2), 195-213.
WHO (29 July 2020). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-waste-management-for-covid-19
Wolf, R., Wolf, D., Rudikoff, D., & Parish, L. C. (2010). Nutrition and water: Drinking eight glasses of water a day ensures proper skin hydration-myth or reality? Clinics in Dermatology, 28(4), 380–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.022
Yang, C. S., & Kim, D. (2016). Unusual intestinal obstruction due to idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: a report of two cases and a review. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, 90(4), 231-234.
Zawn Villines (October 12, 2017). What are the benefits of drinking hot water?. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319673
Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ruhela, M. (2021). Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 88-94.
Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03), 503-512.
Brenner, I. K. M., Castellani, J. W., Gabaree, C., Young, A. J., Zamecnik, J., Shephard, R. J., & Shek, P. N. (1999). Immune changes in humans during cold exposure: Effects of prior heating and exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(2), 699–710. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.2.699
Cohen, M. (2020). Turning up the heat on COVID-19: heat as a therapeutic intervention. F1000Research, 9, 292. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23299.1
de Sherbinin, A., Carr, D., Cassels, S., & Jiang, L. (2007). Population and environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32, 345–373. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041306.100243
Ernst, E., Pecho, E., Wirz, P., & Saradeth, T. (1990). Regular Sauna Bathing and the Incidence of Common Colds. Annals of Medicine, 22(4), 225–227. https://doi.org/10.3109/07853899009148930
Evans, S. S., Repasky, E. A., & Fisher, D. T. (2016). System Feels the Heat. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(6), 335–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3843.Fever
FAO (2021). Global fresh surface water withdrawals 2017, by select country. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1257879/total-fresh-surface-water-withdrawals/
Galvez, I., Torres-Piles, S., & Ortega-Rincon, E. (2018). Balneotherapy, immune system, and stress response: a hormetic strategy?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(6), 1687.
Janitza, S., Celik, E., & Boulesteix, A. L. (2018). A computationally fast variable importance test for random forests for high-dimensional data. Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, 12(4), 885–915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11634-016-0276-4
Krecar, I. M., Kolega, M., & Kunac, S. F. (2014). The Effects of Drinking Water on Attention. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 577–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.428
March, H., Hernández, M., & Saurí, D. (2015). Assessing domestic water use habits for more effective water awareness campaigns during drought periods: A case study in Alicante, eastern Spain. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15(5), 963–972. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-963-2015
Mooventhan, A., & Nivethitha, L. (2014). Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(5), 199.
Mythrey, R. C., Ramachandra, N., & Shreevathsa. (2012). Water: The elixir of life. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, 3(6), 769–771. https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.03613
Patel, S., Patel, J., Patel, M., Jyoti Sen, D., & Dhrubo Jyoti Sen, A. (2015). Say Yes To Warm For Remove Harm: Amazing Wonders Of Two Stages Of Water. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2(4), 444–460. www.ejpmr.com444
PIB Delhi (02 MAR 2020). Per Capita Availability of Water. Ministry of Jal Shakti. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1604871
Pilch, W., Pokora, I., Szygu?a, Z., Pa?ka, T., Pilch, P., Ciso?, T., Malik, L., & Wiecha, S. (2013). Effect of a Single Finnish Sauna Session on White Blood Cell Profile and Cortisol Levels in Athletes and Non-Athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 39, 127-135. DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2013-0075
Popkin, B. M., & Rosenberg, I. H. (2011). Water, Hyrdation and Health. NIH Public Access, 68(8), 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x.Water
Rathnayaka, K., Malano, H., Arora, M., George, B., Maheepala, S., & Nawarathna, B. (2017). Prediction of urban residential end-use water demands by integrating known and unknown water demand drivers at multiple scales II: Model application and validation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 118, 1-12.
Shaban, A., & Sharma, R. N. (2007). Water consumption patterns in domestic households in major cities. Economic and Political Weekly, 2190-2197.
Tyagi, S., Dubey, R. C., Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Multivariate Statistical analysis of river ganga water at Rishikesh and Haridwar, India. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2), 195-213.
WHO (29 July 2020). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-waste-management-for-covid-19
Wolf, R., Wolf, D., Rudikoff, D., & Parish, L. C. (2010). Nutrition and water: Drinking eight glasses of water a day ensures proper skin hydration-myth or reality? Clinics in Dermatology, 28(4), 380–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.022
Yang, C. S., & Kim, D. (2016). Unusual intestinal obstruction due to idiopathic sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis: a report of two cases and a review. Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, 90(4), 231-234.
Zawn Villines (October 12, 2017). What are the benefits of drinking hot water?. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319673
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