Hepatotoxic effects of malathion on the freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus
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Published
Nov 3, 2024
R. C. Chopkar
V. T. Dhurvey
A. M. Nagwanshi
S. S. Gandhewar
S. S. Shahare
A. K. Sharma
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-0941
A. M. Nagwanshi
S. S. Gandhewar
S. S. Shahare
A. K. Sharma
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the impact of malathion on the biochemical and histological parameters of African freshwater catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Ethical permission was taken from the IAEC, and the experiment was conducted according to the CPCSEA guidelines for animal handling. During this study, fish were divided into three groups. The first group served as a control, the second group was treated with a low dose (400µg/L) of malathion, and the third group was treated with a high dose (800µg/L) of malathion for 10 days. The results of the study exhibited alterations in the biochemical parameters and histopathology of the liver. Biochemical constituents such as protein and carbohydrate concentration in the liver of fish treated with 400µg/L and 800µg/L of malathion decreased as compared to the control. The histopathological structure of the liver exposed to 400µg/L malathion for 10 days indicated toxic lesions such as enucleated hepatocytes, degeneration of the central vein, infiltration of erythrocytes, and pycnotic nuclei, whereas the liver exposed to 800µg/L malathion for 10 days showed irregular-shaped hepatocytes, binucleated hepatocytes, melanomacrophage necrosis, reduced central vein, and sinusoidal dilation. Thus, it may be concluded that malathion significantly altered the biochemical constituents of the liver and deteriorated the histological structure, which in turn altered the metabolic functions of the liver.
How to Cite
Chopkar, R., Dhurvey, V., Nagwanshi, A. M., Gandhewar, S., Shahare, S., & Sharma, A. K. (2024). Hepatotoxic effects of malathion on the freshwater African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Environment Conservation Journal, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.28172863
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Keywords
Carbohydrate, Hepatocytes, Liver, Malathion, Melanomacrophage, Necrosis, Protein
References
Ahmad, Z. (2012). Toxicity bioassay and effects of sub-lethal exposure of malathion on biochemical composition and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(34),8578-8585.
Anbujothi, B., Geetha, B. & Nisha, S. N (2017). Acute toxicity of Malathion pesticides to fresh water fish Labeo rohita (HAM). National Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(3), 556-558.
Beauvais, S. L., Jones, S. B., Brewer, S. K. & Little, E. E. (2000). Physiological measures of neurotoxicity of diazinon and malathion to larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their correlation with behavioral measures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 19(7), 1875-1880.
Bharti, S. & Rasool, F. (2021). Analysis of the biochemical and histopathological impact of a mild dose of commercial malathion on Channa punctatus (Bloch) fish. Toxicology Reports, 8, 443-455.
Bharti, S. & Rasool, F. (2021). Analysis of the biochemical and histopathological impact of a mild dose of commercial malathion on Channa punctatus (Bloch) fish. Toxicology Reports, 8, 443-455.
Cui, J., Wei, Y., Jiang, J., Xiao, S., Liu, X., Zhou, Z., Liu, D. & Wang, P. (2023). Bioaccumulation, metabolism and toxicological effects of chiral insecticide malathion and its metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere, 318, 137898.
Das, B. K., Nayak, K. K. & Kumar, V. (2024). Alteration of haematological and biochemical biomarkers after sub-lethal chronic malathion (Elathion®) intoxication in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 277, 109844.
Deka, S. & Mahanta, R. (2016). Malathion toxicity on fish-a review. International Journal of Current Research, 8(12),44120-44128.
Dube, P. N., Alavandi, S. & Hosetti, B. B. (2013). Effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide on the carbohydrate metabolism of the Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 33(7), 914–919.
Dubois, M., Gillar, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A. & Smit, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350.
Fahmy, G. H. (2012). Malathion toxicity: Effect on some metabolic activities in Oreochromis niloticus, the Tilapia Fish. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 2(1): 52-55.
Flehi-Slim, I., Chargui, I., Boughattas, S., El Mabrouk, A., Belaïd-Nouira, Y., Neffati, F., Najjar, M. F., Haouas, Z. & Cheikh, H. B. (2015). Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats: biochemical and histopathological studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 17828-17838.
Franco, J. L., Posser, T., Mattos, J. J., Trevisan, R., Brocardo, P. S., Rodrigues, A. L. S., Leal, A. B., Farina, M., Marques, M, R, F., Bainy, A, C, D. & Dafre, A. L. (2009). Zinc reverses malathion-induced impairment in antioxidant defenses. Toxicology Letters, 187(3), 137-143.
Ghafarifarsani, H., Raeeszadeh, M., Hajirezaee, S., Farsani, S. G. & Chorehi, M. M. (2023). The effect of malathion concentration and exposure time on histopathological changes in the liver and gill of Rainbow trout. Aquaculture Research, 1-9.
Guo, D., Liu, W., Yao, T., Ma, M., Wang, Q., Qiu, J. & Qian, Y. (2021). Combined endocrine disruptive toxicity of malathion and cypermethrin to gene transcription and hormones of the HPG axis of male zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere, 267, 128864.
Hasan, M., Uddin, H., Islam, J., Biswas, S., Sumon, K.A., Prodhan, M.D.H. & Rashid, H. (2022). Histopathological alterations in liver and kidney tissues of banded gourami (Trichogaster fasciata) exposed to thiamethoxam. Aquac. Stud., 23, AQUAST939.
Ibrahim, A. T. (2019). Biochemical and histopathological response of Oreochromis niloticus to malathion hepatotoxicity. Journal of Royal Science, 1(1),10-15.
Inbaraj, R. M. & Haider, S. (1988). Effect of malathion and endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase and ovarian steroidogenesis of Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 16(2), 123-128.
Kulkami, K. & Krishnamurthy, S. V. (2020). Performance studies on jumping behaviour in froglets exposed to commercial grade malathion. Journal of Environmental Biology, 41(6), 1450-1454.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J, Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193(1), 265–275.
Magar, R. S. & Shaikh, A. (2013). Effect of malathion toxicity on detoxifying organ of fresh water fish Channa punctatus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological sciences, 3(3), 723-728.
Mohammod Mostakim, G., Zahangir, M. M., Monir Mishu, M., Rahman, M. K. & Islam, M. S. (2015). Alteration of blood parameters and histoarchitecture of liver and kidney of Silver barb after chronic exposure to quinalphos. Journal of Toxicology, 1–8.
Moore, P. D., Yedjou, C. G. & Tchounwou, P. B. (2010). Malathion‐induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Environmental toxicology, 25(3), 221-226.
Nain, S., Bour, A., Chalmers, C. & Smits, J. E. G. (2011). Immunotoxicity and disease resistance in Japanese quail (Corturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to malathion. Ecotoxicology, 20, 892-900.
Nisha, S. N. & Geetha, B. (2018). To determine the acute toxicity pesticide of malathion and metabolic activities and respiratory responses in freshwater fish Labeo rohita. International Review of Business and Economics, 1(3),48.
Olakkaran, S., Purayil, A. K., Antony, A., Mallikarjunaiah, S. & Puttaswamygowda, G. H. (2020). Oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity of malathion in human lymphocytes. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 849, 503138.
Ortiz-Delgado, J. B., Funes, V. & Sarasquete, C. (2019). The organophosphate pesticide-OP-malathion inducing thyroidal disruptions and failures in the metamorphosis of the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis. BMC veterinary research, 15, 1-21.
Patil, V. K. & David, M. (2009). Hepatotoxic potential of malathion in the freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Veterinarski arhiv, 79 (2), 179-188.
Patil, V. K. & David, M. (2013). Oxidative stress in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita as a biomarker of malathion exposure. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(12),10191-10199.
Pluth, J. M., Nicklas, J. A., O’Neill, J. P. & Albertini, R. J. (1996). Increased frequency of specific genomic deletions resulting from in vitro malathion exposure. Cancer Research, 56(10), 2393–2399.
Pugazhvendan, S. R., Narendiran, N. J., Kumaran, R. G., Kumaran, S. & Alagappan, K. M. (2009). Effect of malathion toxicity in the freshwater fish Ophiocephalus punctatus-A histological and histochemical study. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 1(3), 218-224.
Remia, K. M., Logaswamy S., Logankumar, K. & Rajmohan D. (2008). Effect of an insecticide (Monocrotophos) on some biochemical constituents of the fish Tilipia Mossambica. Poll. Res. 27, 523-526.
Roberts, R.J. (2001). The pathophysiology and systematic pathology of teleosts, Saunders Publishing London ,55-133.
Roopavathy, J., Sukumaran, M., Rengarajan, R., Ravichelvan, R. & Narasiman, N. (2013). Toxicity of malathion on metabolic activities in the river cauvery of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives, 4(4),1250-1253.
Salama, O. A., Attia, M. M., & Abdelrazek, M. A. (2019). Modulatory effects of swimming exercise against malathion induced neurotoxicity in male and female rats. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 157, 13-18.
Sandhya Rani, P. N., Venkataramana, G.V. & Murthy, P. S. (2006). Impact of malathion on the biochemical parameters of gobiid fish, Glossogobius giuris (Ham). Journal of Environmental Biology, 27(1),119-122.
Selmi, S., Rtibi, K., Grami, D., Sebai, H. & Marzouki, L. (2018). Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, provokes metabolic, histopathologic and molecular disorders in liver and kidney in prepubertal male mice. Toxicology reports, 5, 189-195.
Shieh, P., Jan, C. R. & Liang, W. Z. (2019). The protective effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against oxidative stress-associated apoptosis evoked by the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in normal human astrocytes. Toxicology, 417, 1-14.
Sivanandan1, J. M. and Binukumari (2021). Acute and sublethal intoxication of malathion in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita: haematological and biochemical responses. Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology, 36(3), e2021016.
Subburaj, A., Jawahar, P., Jayakumar, N., Srinivasan, A. & Ahilan, B. (2020). Effects of acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and associated histological alterations in gills, liver and kidney of mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54(12),1497.
Tchounwou, P. B., Patlolla, A. K., Yedjou, C. G. & Moore, P. D. (2015). Environmental exposure and health effects associated with malathion toxicity. Toxicity and hazard of agrochemicals, 51, 2145-2149.
Tendulkar, M. & Kulkarni, A. (2012). Cypermethrin induced toxic effect on glycogen metabolism in estuarine clam, Marcia opima (Gmelin, 1791) of Ratnagiri Coast, Maharashtra. Journal of Toxicology, 1–3.
Thenmozhi, C., Vignesh, V., Thirumurugan, R. & Arun, S. (2011). Impacts of malathion on mortality and biochemical changes of freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering, 8(4), 387-394.
Uikey, S. (2015). Effect of malathion toxicity on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. International Journal of Applied and Universal Research, 2(6), 10-15.
Ullah, S., Li, Z., Hasan, Z., Khan, S. U. & Fahad, S. (2018). Malathion induced oxidative stress leads to histopathological and biochemical toxicity in the liver of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) at acute concentration. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 161, 270–280.
Yalsuyi, A. M., Hajimoradloo, A., Ghorbani, R., Jafari, V. A., Prokić, M. D. & Faggio, C. (2021). Behavior evaluation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following temperature and ammonia alterations. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 86, 103648.
Anbujothi, B., Geetha, B. & Nisha, S. N (2017). Acute toxicity of Malathion pesticides to fresh water fish Labeo rohita (HAM). National Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2(3), 556-558.
Beauvais, S. L., Jones, S. B., Brewer, S. K. & Little, E. E. (2000). Physiological measures of neurotoxicity of diazinon and malathion to larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their correlation with behavioral measures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 19(7), 1875-1880.
Bharti, S. & Rasool, F. (2021). Analysis of the biochemical and histopathological impact of a mild dose of commercial malathion on Channa punctatus (Bloch) fish. Toxicology Reports, 8, 443-455.
Bharti, S. & Rasool, F. (2021). Analysis of the biochemical and histopathological impact of a mild dose of commercial malathion on Channa punctatus (Bloch) fish. Toxicology Reports, 8, 443-455.
Cui, J., Wei, Y., Jiang, J., Xiao, S., Liu, X., Zhou, Z., Liu, D. & Wang, P. (2023). Bioaccumulation, metabolism and toxicological effects of chiral insecticide malathion and its metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere, 318, 137898.
Das, B. K., Nayak, K. K. & Kumar, V. (2024). Alteration of haematological and biochemical biomarkers after sub-lethal chronic malathion (Elathion®) intoxication in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 277, 109844.
Deka, S. & Mahanta, R. (2016). Malathion toxicity on fish-a review. International Journal of Current Research, 8(12),44120-44128.
Dube, P. N., Alavandi, S. & Hosetti, B. B. (2013). Effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide on the carbohydrate metabolism of the Indian Major Carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 33(7), 914–919.
Dubois, M., Gillar, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A. & Smit, F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350.
Fahmy, G. H. (2012). Malathion toxicity: Effect on some metabolic activities in Oreochromis niloticus, the Tilapia Fish. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 2(1): 52-55.
Flehi-Slim, I., Chargui, I., Boughattas, S., El Mabrouk, A., Belaïd-Nouira, Y., Neffati, F., Najjar, M. F., Haouas, Z. & Cheikh, H. B. (2015). Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats: biochemical and histopathological studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 17828-17838.
Franco, J. L., Posser, T., Mattos, J. J., Trevisan, R., Brocardo, P. S., Rodrigues, A. L. S., Leal, A. B., Farina, M., Marques, M, R, F., Bainy, A, C, D. & Dafre, A. L. (2009). Zinc reverses malathion-induced impairment in antioxidant defenses. Toxicology Letters, 187(3), 137-143.
Ghafarifarsani, H., Raeeszadeh, M., Hajirezaee, S., Farsani, S. G. & Chorehi, M. M. (2023). The effect of malathion concentration and exposure time on histopathological changes in the liver and gill of Rainbow trout. Aquaculture Research, 1-9.
Guo, D., Liu, W., Yao, T., Ma, M., Wang, Q., Qiu, J. & Qian, Y. (2021). Combined endocrine disruptive toxicity of malathion and cypermethrin to gene transcription and hormones of the HPG axis of male zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere, 267, 128864.
Hasan, M., Uddin, H., Islam, J., Biswas, S., Sumon, K.A., Prodhan, M.D.H. & Rashid, H. (2022). Histopathological alterations in liver and kidney tissues of banded gourami (Trichogaster fasciata) exposed to thiamethoxam. Aquac. Stud., 23, AQUAST939.
Ibrahim, A. T. (2019). Biochemical and histopathological response of Oreochromis niloticus to malathion hepatotoxicity. Journal of Royal Science, 1(1),10-15.
Inbaraj, R. M. & Haider, S. (1988). Effect of malathion and endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase and ovarian steroidogenesis of Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 16(2), 123-128.
Kulkami, K. & Krishnamurthy, S. V. (2020). Performance studies on jumping behaviour in froglets exposed to commercial grade malathion. Journal of Environmental Biology, 41(6), 1450-1454.
Lowry, O. H., Rosebrough, N. J, Farr, A. L. & Randall, R. J. (1951). Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193(1), 265–275.
Magar, R. S. & Shaikh, A. (2013). Effect of malathion toxicity on detoxifying organ of fresh water fish Channa punctatus. International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Biological sciences, 3(3), 723-728.
Mohammod Mostakim, G., Zahangir, M. M., Monir Mishu, M., Rahman, M. K. & Islam, M. S. (2015). Alteration of blood parameters and histoarchitecture of liver and kidney of Silver barb after chronic exposure to quinalphos. Journal of Toxicology, 1–8.
Moore, P. D., Yedjou, C. G. & Tchounwou, P. B. (2010). Malathion‐induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Environmental toxicology, 25(3), 221-226.
Nain, S., Bour, A., Chalmers, C. & Smits, J. E. G. (2011). Immunotoxicity and disease resistance in Japanese quail (Corturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to malathion. Ecotoxicology, 20, 892-900.
Nisha, S. N. & Geetha, B. (2018). To determine the acute toxicity pesticide of malathion and metabolic activities and respiratory responses in freshwater fish Labeo rohita. International Review of Business and Economics, 1(3),48.
Olakkaran, S., Purayil, A. K., Antony, A., Mallikarjunaiah, S. & Puttaswamygowda, G. H. (2020). Oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity of malathion in human lymphocytes. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 849, 503138.
Ortiz-Delgado, J. B., Funes, V. & Sarasquete, C. (2019). The organophosphate pesticide-OP-malathion inducing thyroidal disruptions and failures in the metamorphosis of the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis. BMC veterinary research, 15, 1-21.
Patil, V. K. & David, M. (2009). Hepatotoxic potential of malathion in the freshwater teleost, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Veterinarski arhiv, 79 (2), 179-188.
Patil, V. K. & David, M. (2013). Oxidative stress in freshwater fish, Labeo rohita as a biomarker of malathion exposure. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(12),10191-10199.
Pluth, J. M., Nicklas, J. A., O’Neill, J. P. & Albertini, R. J. (1996). Increased frequency of specific genomic deletions resulting from in vitro malathion exposure. Cancer Research, 56(10), 2393–2399.
Pugazhvendan, S. R., Narendiran, N. J., Kumaran, R. G., Kumaran, S. & Alagappan, K. M. (2009). Effect of malathion toxicity in the freshwater fish Ophiocephalus punctatus-A histological and histochemical study. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 1(3), 218-224.
Remia, K. M., Logaswamy S., Logankumar, K. & Rajmohan D. (2008). Effect of an insecticide (Monocrotophos) on some biochemical constituents of the fish Tilipia Mossambica. Poll. Res. 27, 523-526.
Roberts, R.J. (2001). The pathophysiology and systematic pathology of teleosts, Saunders Publishing London ,55-133.
Roopavathy, J., Sukumaran, M., Rengarajan, R., Ravichelvan, R. & Narasiman, N. (2013). Toxicity of malathion on metabolic activities in the river cauvery of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archives, 4(4),1250-1253.
Salama, O. A., Attia, M. M., & Abdelrazek, M. A. (2019). Modulatory effects of swimming exercise against malathion induced neurotoxicity in male and female rats. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 157, 13-18.
Sandhya Rani, P. N., Venkataramana, G.V. & Murthy, P. S. (2006). Impact of malathion on the biochemical parameters of gobiid fish, Glossogobius giuris (Ham). Journal of Environmental Biology, 27(1),119-122.
Selmi, S., Rtibi, K., Grami, D., Sebai, H. & Marzouki, L. (2018). Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, provokes metabolic, histopathologic and molecular disorders in liver and kidney in prepubertal male mice. Toxicology reports, 5, 189-195.
Shieh, P., Jan, C. R. & Liang, W. Z. (2019). The protective effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against oxidative stress-associated apoptosis evoked by the organophosphorus insecticide malathion in normal human astrocytes. Toxicology, 417, 1-14.
Sivanandan1, J. M. and Binukumari (2021). Acute and sublethal intoxication of malathion in an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita: haematological and biochemical responses. Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology, 36(3), e2021016.
Subburaj, A., Jawahar, P., Jayakumar, N., Srinivasan, A. & Ahilan, B. (2020). Effects of acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos (EC 50%) and associated histological alterations in gills, liver and kidney of mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54(12),1497.
Tchounwou, P. B., Patlolla, A. K., Yedjou, C. G. & Moore, P. D. (2015). Environmental exposure and health effects associated with malathion toxicity. Toxicity and hazard of agrochemicals, 51, 2145-2149.
Tendulkar, M. & Kulkarni, A. (2012). Cypermethrin induced toxic effect on glycogen metabolism in estuarine clam, Marcia opima (Gmelin, 1791) of Ratnagiri Coast, Maharashtra. Journal of Toxicology, 1–3.
Thenmozhi, C., Vignesh, V., Thirumurugan, R. & Arun, S. (2011). Impacts of malathion on mortality and biochemical changes of freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health, Science and Engineering, 8(4), 387-394.
Uikey, S. (2015). Effect of malathion toxicity on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. International Journal of Applied and Universal Research, 2(6), 10-15.
Ullah, S., Li, Z., Hasan, Z., Khan, S. U. & Fahad, S. (2018). Malathion induced oxidative stress leads to histopathological and biochemical toxicity in the liver of rohu (Labeo rohita, Hamilton) at acute concentration. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 161, 270–280.
Yalsuyi, A. M., Hajimoradloo, A., Ghorbani, R., Jafari, V. A., Prokić, M. D. & Faggio, C. (2021). Behavior evaluation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following temperature and ammonia alterations. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 86, 103648.
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