Current status of Ichthyofaunal diversity of Indravati Stream a Tributary of the Bhagirathi River in Uttarkashi
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Deepak Rana
Nilay Singh Madhu Thapliyal Ashish Thapliyal
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0810-9831
Nilay Singh Madhu Thapliyal Ashish Thapliyal
Abstract
The present study evaluates the water quality, benthic diversity, and fish diversity of the Indravati Stream, a tributary of the Bhagirathi River in Uttarkashi, from January 2022 to December 2023. Significant spatial and temporal variations were observed in physicochemical parameters across three altitudinal sites. Water temperature ranged from 4.83°C to 18.13°C, pH remained slightly alkaline (7.14-7.38), and dissolved oxygen varied from 5.46 to 9.76 mg/L. Benthic analysis revealed 325 individuals across 6 orders and 12 families, dominated by Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera. Our study reveals a striking decline in fish diversity within the Indravati Stream, with only 6 out of the 11 species previously documented twelve years ago currently persisting, indicative of a severe crisis threatening the aquatic biodiversity of the region. Alarmingly, two species of the Mahseer, Tor tor (Data Deficient) and Tor putitora (Endangered), listed in the IUCN Red List of 2018, were absent during the investigation, underscoring the grave threat to the region's aquatic biodiversity. Uttarakhand is renowned for its rich diversity of water resources, yet the alarming situation observed in the Indravati Stream raises concerns about potential parallel declines in other water bodies across the region. These findings highlight the pressing need to develop comprehensive conservation strategies and implement sustainable management practices to mitigate the harmful impacts of environmental stressors and anthropogenic activities on the Indravati Stream and safeguard its aquatic ecosystem.
How to Cite
Rana, D., Singh, N., Thapliyal, M., & Thapliyal, A. Current status of Ichthyofaunal diversity of Indravati Stream a Tributary of the Bhagirathi River in Uttarkashi. Environment Conservation Journal, 25(4). https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.27602834
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Keywords
Anthropogenic activities, Climate change, Fish diversity, Indravati stream, Joshiyara barrage
References
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Allan, J. D., Castillo, M. M., Capps, K. A. (2021). Streamwater chemistry. In: Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters (pp. 75-100).
American Public Health Association (1998). Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American Public Health Association, New York.
American Public Health Association (2012). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water, 23rd Ed. Washington DC, USA.
Ansari, Z., Ahmad, S., & Khan, M. A. (2019). Seasonal variations of stream hydrochemistry and relationships with morphometric/landcover parameters in the Bhagirathi watersheds, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 94(5), 493-500.
Ayoade, A. A., Agarwal, N. K., & Chandola-Saklani, A. (2009). Changes in physicochemical features and plankton of two regulated high altitude rivers, Garhwal Himalaya, India. European Journal of Scientific Research, 27(1), 77-92.
Aziz, M. S. B., Hasan, N. A., Mondol, M. M. R., Alam, M. M., & Haque, M. M. (2021). Decline in fish species diversity due to climatic and anthropogenic factors in Hakaluki Haor, an ecologically critical wetland in northeast Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(1). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05861.
Badola, S. P. (2009). Ichthyology of the Central Himalaya. Transmedia Publication Media House, Bhandari Bagh, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand.
Chang, H. (2005). Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Han River and its tributaries, Seoul, Korea, 1993–2002. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 161, 267-284. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-005-4286-7.
Costa, M. J., Duarte, G., Segurado, P., & Branco, P. (2021). Major threats to European freshwater fish species. Science of the Total Environment, 797, 149105. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149105.
Cox, B. A. (2003). A review of currently available in-stream water-quality models and their applicability for simulating dissolved oxygen in lowland rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 314, 335-377. DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00063-9.
Demeke, A., & Tassew, A. (2016). A review on water quality and its impact on fish health. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 3(1), 21-31.
Devi Tachamo Shah, R., Sharma, S., Narayan Shah, D., & Rijal, D. (2020). Structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the rivers of Western Himalaya, Nepal. Geosciences, 10(4), 150.
Gupta, N., Everard, M., Nautiyal, P., Kochhar, I., Sivakumar, K., Johnson, J. A., & Borgohain, A. (2020). Potential impacts of non‐native fish on the threatened mahseer (Tor) species of the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(2), 394-401. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3275.
Herlihy, A. T., Sifneos, J. C., Hughes, R. M., Peck, D. V., & Mitchell, R. M. (2020). The relation of lotic fish and benthic macroinvertebrate condition indices to environmental factors across the conterminous USA. Ecological Indicators, 112, 105958. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105958.
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Jayaram, K. C. (1999). The freshwater fishes of the Indian region.
Jumani, S., Rao, S., Machado, S., & Prakash, A. (2017). Big concerns with small projects: Evaluating the socio-ecological impacts of small hydropower projects in India. Ambio, 46(4), 500-511. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0855-9.
Khanna, D. R., & Bhutiani, R. (2017). Water Biology. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi.
Khanna, D. R., Pathak, S. K., & Prasad, S. (2013). Studies on limnological characteristics and fish fauna of River Bhagirathi in Uttarkashi (Garhwal Himalaya). Environment Conservation Journal, 14(3), 177-181.
Kunal, K., Garima, & Ganie, P. A. (2023). Fishery Resources and Ichthyofaunal Diversity in the Temperate Himalayas. In Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Temperate Himalayas (pp. 11-23). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. In: Contributions to Probability and Statistics (pp. 278-292)
Lintermans, M., Geyle, H. M., Beatty, S., Brown, C., Ebner, B. C., Freeman, R., ... & Garnett, S. T. (2020). Big trouble for little fish: identifying Australian freshwater fishes in imminent risk of extinction. Pacific Conservation Biology, 26(4), 365-377. DOI: 10.1071/PC19053.
Liro, M. (2019). Dam reservoir backwater as a field-scale laboratory of human-induced changes in river biogeomorphology: A review focused on gravel-bed rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 2899-2912. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.138.
Malik, D. S., Sharma, A. K., Kumar, S., Kumar, R., Kumar, R., Kamboj, V., & Sharma, A. K. (2022). Anthropogenic impact on fish faunal diversity and their habitat ecology in the Ganga River and its tributaries, Uttarakhand. In: Environmental Pollution and Natural Resource Management (pp. 53-71). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Meena, S. R., Bhuyan, K., Chauhan, A., & Singh, R. P. (2021). Changes in the flood plains and water quality along the Himalayan rivers after the Chamoli disaster of 7 February 2021. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 42(18), 6984-7001. DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2021.1944696.
Mishra, A., Alnahit, A., & Campbell, B. (2021). Impact of land uses, drought, flood, wildfire, and cascading events on water quality and microbial communities: A review and analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 596, 125707. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125707.
Muruganandam, M., Rajamanickam, S., Sivarethinamohan, S., Reddy, M. K., Velusamy, P., Gomathi, R., ... & Munisamy, S. K. (2023). Impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on aquatic ecosystem–A review. Environmental Research, 117233.
Nautiyal, P., & Mishra, A. S. (2022, September). Role of depth, habitat and current velocity on distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in the Himalayan River, Ramganga. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society (Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 349-360). New Delhi: Springer India.
Needham, J. G., & Needham, P. R. (1969). A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology. Holden-Day Inc., San Francisco.
Needham, J. G., & Needham, P. R. (1978). A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology. Halden, Day, Inc., Pul. 225 pp.
Newcombe, C. P., & MacDonald, D. D. (1991). Effects of suspended sediments on aquatic ecosystems. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 11(1), 72-82.
Pande, A., & Posti, R. (2023). Impact of climate change in temperate fisheries of the Himalayas and possible adaptation approaches. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Temperate Himalayas (pp. 407-431). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Pathak, S. K., Prasad, S., & Pathak, T. (2015). Determination of water quality index river Bhagirathi in Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Research Granthaalayah, 3(9), 1-7.
Pelage, L., Lucena-Frédou, F., Eduardo, L. N., Loc’h, L., Bertrand, A., Lira, A. S., & Frédou, T. (2022). Competing with each other: Fish isotopic niche in two resource availability contexts. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 975091. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.975091.
Pennak, R. W. (1989). Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States, 2nd Edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp: 810.
Rana, J. S., Semalty, B., Gusain, M. P., & Gusain, O. P. (2016). Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of a glacier-fed river at high montane site. International Journal of Water Research, 6(1), 26-31.
Rana, P., Tarafdar, S., & Nautiyal, P. (2022). Impacts on Reproductive Biology of Golden Mahseer Caused by Climate and Land Use Change in Western Himalaya. In Recent Trends in River Corridor Management: Select Proceedings of RCRM 2021 (pp. 111-124). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-9933-7_7.
Rawat, S., Sharma, A. K., Chauhan, R., & Malik, D. S. (2023). Impact assessment of cloudbursts on riverine fisheries of Garhwal region, Uttarakhand. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 26(2).
Sarkar, U. K., Pathak, A. K., Sinha, R. K., Sivakumar, K., Pandian, A. K., Pandey, A., ... & Lakra, W. S. (2012). Freshwater fish biodiversity in the River Ganga (India): changing pattern, threats and conservation perspectives. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22, 251-272. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-011-9218-6.
Sati, V. P., & Kumar, S. (2022). Environmental and economic impact of cloudburst-triggered debris flows and flash floods in Uttarakhand Himalaya: a case study. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 9(1), 5.
Sehgal, K. L. (1999). Coldwater fish and fisheries in the Indian Himalayas: rivers and streams. In: Fish and Fisheries at Higher Altitudes: Asia (pp. 41-63). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Technical Paper, 385.
Sharma, A., Dubey, V. K., Nautiyal, P., Johnson, J. A., Rawal, Y. K., & Sivakumar, K. (2019). When nature decides who stays and who goes: Priority effects extirpating the non-native brown trout Salmo trutta fario L. population from a Himalayan river. Current Science, 186-187.
Siddha, S., & Sahu, P. (2022). Impact of climate change on the river ecosystem. In: Ecological Significance of River Ecosystems (pp. 79-104). Elsevier.
Singh, P., & Kumar, N. (1997). Impact assessment of climate change on the hydrological response of a snow and glacier melt runoff dominated Himalayan river. Journal of Hydrology, 193(1-4), 316-350.
Talwar, P. K., & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries (Vol. 2). CRC Press.
Tamario, C., Sunde, J., Petersson, E., Tibblin, P., & Forsman, A. (2019). Ecological and evolutionary consequences of environmental change and management actions for migrating fish. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 271. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00271.
Thapliyal, M., Barthwal, M., & Thapliyal, A. (2016). Evaluation of altitudinal distribution and population dynamics of introduced Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and native Snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) in river Asiganga, Uttarakhand (India). Environment Conservation Journal, 17(1&2), 161-177.
Thapliyal, M., Barthwal, M., Chandra, T., Bahuguna, S. N., Bhatt, J. P., & Thapliyal, A. (2012). Establishment of population of introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) co-related to their feeding habits in river Asiganga, district Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand. Environment Conservation Journal, 13(3), 15-21.
Tonapi, G. T. (1980). Freshwater Animals of India - An Ecological Approach. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Yadav, P., Kumar, A., Hussain, S. A., & Gupta, S. K. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of longitudinal connectivity in population genetic structure of endangered golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Cyprinidae), in Himalayan rivers: Implications for its conservation. PLoS ONE, 15(6), e0234377. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.001.
Allan, J. D., Castillo, M. M., Capps, K. A. (2021). Streamwater chemistry. In: Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of Running Waters (pp. 75-100).
American Public Health Association (1998). Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American Public Health Association, New York.
American Public Health Association (2012). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Water, 23rd Ed. Washington DC, USA.
Ansari, Z., Ahmad, S., & Khan, M. A. (2019). Seasonal variations of stream hydrochemistry and relationships with morphometric/landcover parameters in the Bhagirathi watersheds, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 94(5), 493-500.
Ayoade, A. A., Agarwal, N. K., & Chandola-Saklani, A. (2009). Changes in physicochemical features and plankton of two regulated high altitude rivers, Garhwal Himalaya, India. European Journal of Scientific Research, 27(1), 77-92.
Aziz, M. S. B., Hasan, N. A., Mondol, M. M. R., Alam, M. M., & Haque, M. M. (2021). Decline in fish species diversity due to climatic and anthropogenic factors in Hakaluki Haor, an ecologically critical wetland in northeast Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(1). DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05861.
Badola, S. P. (2009). Ichthyology of the Central Himalaya. Transmedia Publication Media House, Bhandari Bagh, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand.
Chang, H. (2005). Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in the Han River and its tributaries, Seoul, Korea, 1993–2002. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 161, 267-284. DOI: 10.1007/s11270-005-4286-7.
Costa, M. J., Duarte, G., Segurado, P., & Branco, P. (2021). Major threats to European freshwater fish species. Science of the Total Environment, 797, 149105. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149105.
Cox, B. A. (2003). A review of currently available in-stream water-quality models and their applicability for simulating dissolved oxygen in lowland rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 314, 335-377. DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00063-9.
Demeke, A., & Tassew, A. (2016). A review on water quality and its impact on fish health. International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 3(1), 21-31.
Devi Tachamo Shah, R., Sharma, S., Narayan Shah, D., & Rijal, D. (2020). Structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the rivers of Western Himalaya, Nepal. Geosciences, 10(4), 150.
Gupta, N., Everard, M., Nautiyal, P., Kochhar, I., Sivakumar, K., Johnson, J. A., & Borgohain, A. (2020). Potential impacts of non‐native fish on the threatened mahseer (Tor) species of the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 30(2), 394-401. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.3275.
Herlihy, A. T., Sifneos, J. C., Hughes, R. M., Peck, D. V., & Mitchell, R. M. (2020). The relation of lotic fish and benthic macroinvertebrate condition indices to environmental factors across the conterminous USA. Ecological Indicators, 112, 105958. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105958.
International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD, 2023). ICOLD - International Commission on Large Dams. https://www.icold-cigb.org/article/GB/world_register/general_synthesis/number
Janssen, R. G., & Randall, D. J. (1975). The effects of changes in pH and PCO2 in blood and water on breathing in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Respiration Physiology, 25(2), 235-245.
Jayaram, K. C. (1999). The freshwater fishes of the Indian region.
Jumani, S., Rao, S., Machado, S., & Prakash, A. (2017). Big concerns with small projects: Evaluating the socio-ecological impacts of small hydropower projects in India. Ambio, 46(4), 500-511. DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0855-9.
Khanna, D. R., & Bhutiani, R. (2017). Water Biology. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi.
Khanna, D. R., Pathak, S. K., & Prasad, S. (2013). Studies on limnological characteristics and fish fauna of River Bhagirathi in Uttarkashi (Garhwal Himalaya). Environment Conservation Journal, 14(3), 177-181.
Kunal, K., Garima, & Ganie, P. A. (2023). Fishery Resources and Ichthyofaunal Diversity in the Temperate Himalayas. In Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Temperate Himalayas (pp. 11-23). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Levene, H. (1960). Robust tests for equality of variances. In: Contributions to Probability and Statistics (pp. 278-292)
Lintermans, M., Geyle, H. M., Beatty, S., Brown, C., Ebner, B. C., Freeman, R., ... & Garnett, S. T. (2020). Big trouble for little fish: identifying Australian freshwater fishes in imminent risk of extinction. Pacific Conservation Biology, 26(4), 365-377. DOI: 10.1071/PC19053.
Liro, M. (2019). Dam reservoir backwater as a field-scale laboratory of human-induced changes in river biogeomorphology: A review focused on gravel-bed rivers. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 2899-2912. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.138.
Malik, D. S., Sharma, A. K., Kumar, S., Kumar, R., Kumar, R., Kamboj, V., & Sharma, A. K. (2022). Anthropogenic impact on fish faunal diversity and their habitat ecology in the Ganga River and its tributaries, Uttarakhand. In: Environmental Pollution and Natural Resource Management (pp. 53-71). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Meena, S. R., Bhuyan, K., Chauhan, A., & Singh, R. P. (2021). Changes in the flood plains and water quality along the Himalayan rivers after the Chamoli disaster of 7 February 2021. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 42(18), 6984-7001. DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2021.1944696.
Mishra, A., Alnahit, A., & Campbell, B. (2021). Impact of land uses, drought, flood, wildfire, and cascading events on water quality and microbial communities: A review and analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 596, 125707. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125707.
Muruganandam, M., Rajamanickam, S., Sivarethinamohan, S., Reddy, M. K., Velusamy, P., Gomathi, R., ... & Munisamy, S. K. (2023). Impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on aquatic ecosystem–A review. Environmental Research, 117233.
Nautiyal, P., & Mishra, A. S. (2022, September). Role of depth, habitat and current velocity on distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in the Himalayan River, Ramganga. In: Proceedings of the Zoological Society (Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 349-360). New Delhi: Springer India.
Needham, J. G., & Needham, P. R. (1969). A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology. Holden-Day Inc., San Francisco.
Needham, J. G., & Needham, P. R. (1978). A Guide to the Study of Freshwater Biology. Halden, Day, Inc., Pul. 225 pp.
Newcombe, C. P., & MacDonald, D. D. (1991). Effects of suspended sediments on aquatic ecosystems. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 11(1), 72-82.
Pande, A., & Posti, R. (2023). Impact of climate change in temperate fisheries of the Himalayas and possible adaptation approaches. In: Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Temperate Himalayas (pp. 407-431). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Pathak, S. K., Prasad, S., & Pathak, T. (2015). Determination of water quality index river Bhagirathi in Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, India. International Journal of Research Granthaalayah, 3(9), 1-7.
Pelage, L., Lucena-Frédou, F., Eduardo, L. N., Loc’h, L., Bertrand, A., Lira, A. S., & Frédou, T. (2022). Competing with each other: Fish isotopic niche in two resource availability contexts. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 975091. DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.975091.
Pennak, R. W. (1989). Freshwater Invertebrates of the United States, 2nd Edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp: 810.
Rana, J. S., Semalty, B., Gusain, M. P., & Gusain, O. P. (2016). Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters of a glacier-fed river at high montane site. International Journal of Water Research, 6(1), 26-31.
Rana, P., Tarafdar, S., & Nautiyal, P. (2022). Impacts on Reproductive Biology of Golden Mahseer Caused by Climate and Land Use Change in Western Himalaya. In Recent Trends in River Corridor Management: Select Proceedings of RCRM 2021 (pp. 111-124). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-9933-7_7.
Rawat, S., Sharma, A. K., Chauhan, R., & Malik, D. S. (2023). Impact assessment of cloudbursts on riverine fisheries of Garhwal region, Uttarakhand. Journal of Experimental Zoology India, 26(2).
Sarkar, U. K., Pathak, A. K., Sinha, R. K., Sivakumar, K., Pandian, A. K., Pandey, A., ... & Lakra, W. S. (2012). Freshwater fish biodiversity in the River Ganga (India): changing pattern, threats and conservation perspectives. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 22, 251-272. DOI: 10.1007/s11160-011-9218-6.
Sati, V. P., & Kumar, S. (2022). Environmental and economic impact of cloudburst-triggered debris flows and flash floods in Uttarakhand Himalaya: a case study. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 9(1), 5.
Sehgal, K. L. (1999). Coldwater fish and fisheries in the Indian Himalayas: rivers and streams. In: Fish and Fisheries at Higher Altitudes: Asia (pp. 41-63). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Technical Paper, 385.
Sharma, A., Dubey, V. K., Nautiyal, P., Johnson, J. A., Rawal, Y. K., & Sivakumar, K. (2019). When nature decides who stays and who goes: Priority effects extirpating the non-native brown trout Salmo trutta fario L. population from a Himalayan river. Current Science, 186-187.
Siddha, S., & Sahu, P. (2022). Impact of climate change on the river ecosystem. In: Ecological Significance of River Ecosystems (pp. 79-104). Elsevier.
Singh, P., & Kumar, N. (1997). Impact assessment of climate change on the hydrological response of a snow and glacier melt runoff dominated Himalayan river. Journal of Hydrology, 193(1-4), 316-350.
Talwar, P. K., & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries (Vol. 2). CRC Press.
Tamario, C., Sunde, J., Petersson, E., Tibblin, P., & Forsman, A. (2019). Ecological and evolutionary consequences of environmental change and management actions for migrating fish. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 271. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00271.
Thapliyal, M., Barthwal, M., & Thapliyal, A. (2016). Evaluation of altitudinal distribution and population dynamics of introduced Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and native Snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii) in river Asiganga, Uttarakhand (India). Environment Conservation Journal, 17(1&2), 161-177.
Thapliyal, M., Barthwal, M., Chandra, T., Bahuguna, S. N., Bhatt, J. P., & Thapliyal, A. (2012). Establishment of population of introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) co-related to their feeding habits in river Asiganga, district Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand. Environment Conservation Journal, 13(3), 15-21.
Tonapi, G. T. (1980). Freshwater Animals of India - An Ecological Approach. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Yadav, P., Kumar, A., Hussain, S. A., & Gupta, S. K. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of longitudinal connectivity in population genetic structure of endangered golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Cyprinidae), in Himalayan rivers: Implications for its conservation. PLoS ONE, 15(6), e0234377. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.001.
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