Impact of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon dynamics and biological health of soils under Pearl millet -mustard-cowpea cropping sequence in an inceptisol of Gujarat
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Published
Mar 8, 2023
Bornali Borah
Vinubhai Pragajibhai Ramani Dileep Kumar
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-9525
Vinubhai Pragajibhai Ramani Dileep Kumar
Abstract
The study was undertaken by utilizing an ongoing long-term experiment on continuous cropping at Anand Agricultural University that began in 1980. From 1994 onwards, a modification was made by including Farmyard Manure (FYM) treatments for studying the following objectives: long-term effect of fertility levels with and without FYM on changes in soil organic carbon pools for assessing the role of organics and chemical fertilizers on soil organic carbon buildup and their interrelationship with soil aggregate stability under the pearl millet-mustard-cowpea (F) cropping sequence. Under F1 (FYM @ 10 t/ha) and FL3 (NP application @150 percent of RDF), there was a considerable improvement in the status of Walkley and Black C (WBC), Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon (SMBC), and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) compared to the control in both depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm). Long-term manuring and fertilization practices affect aggregate development and stabilization. In all depths, the highest soil macroaggregates and microaggregates were found when FYM @ 10 t/ha and FL3 (150 percent NP) were applied. Under FYM treated plots and with the greater dose of NP (NP application @150 percent of RDF) in both the surface and sub-surface layers, the maximum water-stable aggregate expressed as mean weight diameter (MWD) was recorded. Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation was observed between SMBC and enzymatic activities (phosphatase, urease, and dehydrogenase) in both the soil depths; indicating the effect of labile C on the biological activities of soil which might be achieved by means of changes in microbial diversity of the soil.
How to Cite
Borah, B., Ramani, V. P., & Kumar, D. (2023). Impact of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon dynamics and biological health of soils under Pearl millet -mustard-cowpea cropping sequence in an inceptisol of Gujarat. Environment Conservation Journal, 24(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.13732404
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Keywords
Enzymatic Activity, FYM, Microbial activity, Organic Carbon fractions, Soil fertility
References
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Benbi, D. K., Biswas, C. R., Bawa, S. S., & Kumar, K. (1998). Influence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment. Soil Use and Management, 14, 52–54.
Benbi, D. K., Brar, K., Toor, A. S., & Sharma, S. (2015). Sensitivity of labile soil organic carbon pool to long-term fertilizer, straw and manure management in rice-wheat system. Pedosphere, 25(4), 534-545.
Bhardwaj, S., Khanna, D. R., Ruhela, M., Bhutiani, R., Bhardwaj, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Assessment of the soil quality of Haridwar Uttarakhand India: A comparative study. Environment Conservation Journal, 21(3), 155-164.
Bhatt, B., Chandra, R., Shri, R., & Pareek, N. (2016). Long-term effects of fertilization and manuring on productivity and soil biological properties under rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequence in Mollisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 62(8), 1109-1122.
Bhattacharyya, R., Kundu, S., Srivastava, A. K., Gupta, H. S., Prakash, V., & Bhatt, J. C. (2011). Long-term fertilization effects on soil organic carbon pools in sandy loam soil of the Indian sub-Himalayas. Plant and Soil. 341:109–124
Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2019). A case study on changing pattern of agriculture and related factors at Najibabad region of Bijnor, India. Contaminants in Agriculture and Environment: Health Risks and Remediation, 1, 236.
Cassida, L. E., Klein, D. P., & Santaro, T. (1964). Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Science, 93, 371-376.
Chakraborty, A., Chakraborty, K., Chakraborty, A., & Ghosh, S. (2011). Effect of long-term fertilizers and manure application on microbial biomass and microbial activity of a tropical agricultural soil. Biology and fertility of Soils, 29(1), 81-85.
Chenu, C., Le Bissonnais, Y., & Arrouays, D. (2000). Organic matter influence on clay wettability and soil aggregate stability. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 64, 1479-1486.
Dixit, A. K., Rai, A. K., Prasad, M., Choudhary, M., Kumar, S., Srivastava, M.K., Rai, S. K., & Singh, H.V. (2019). Long-term fertilization effects on carbon pools and carbon management index of a loamy soil under grass– forage legumes mixture in semi-arid environment, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science.
Dutta, D., Singh D. K., Subash, N., Ravisankar, N., Kumar, V., Meena, A. L., Mishra, A. L., Singh, S., Kumar, V., & Panwar, A. S. (2018). Effect of long-term use of organic, inorganic and integrated management practices on carbon sequestration and soil carbon pools in different cropping systems in Tarai region of Kumayun hills. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 88 (4): 523–9.
Ghosh, A., Bhattacharyya, R., Agarwal, B. K., Mahapatra, P., Shahi, D. K., Singh, G., Agnihorti, R., Sawlani, R., & Sharma, C. (2019). Long¬-term fertilization effects on 13C natural abundance, soil aggregation, and deep soil organic carbon sequestration in an Alfisol. Land Degradation and Development. 30:391–405.
Ghosh, S., Wilson, B., Ghoshal, S., Senapati, N., & Mandal, B. (2012). Organic amendments influence soil quality and carbon sequestration in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 156,134-141.
Haynes, R. J., & Swift, R. S. (1990). Stability of soil aggregates in relation to organic constituents and soil water content. Journal of Soil Science, 41,73–83.
Helfrich, M., Ludwig, B., Thoms, C., Gleixner, G., & Flessa, H. (2015). The role of soil fungi and bacteria in plant litter decomposition and macroaggregate formation determined using phospholipid fatty acids. Applied Soil Ecology, 96,261–26.
Jackson, M. L. (1979). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Kanchikerimath, M., &Singh, D. (2001) Soil organic matter and biological properties after 26 years of maize–wheat–cowpea cropping as affected by manure and fertilization in a Cambisol in semi-arid region of India. Agriculture ecosystems and environment, 86, 155–162
Kundu, S., Bhattacharyya, R., Prakash, V., Ghosh, B. N., & Gupta, H. S. (2007). Carbon sequestration and the relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil and Tillage Research, 92, 87-95.
Lal, R. (2004). Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems. Environmental Management, 33, 528-544.
Lal, R. (2011) Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems. Food Policy, 36,33-39.
Liang, Q., Chen, H., Gong, Y., Fan, M., Yang, H., Lal, R., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2012). Effect of 15 years of manure and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon fractions in a wheat-maize system in the north China plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 92, 21-33.
Liao, J. D., Boutton, T. W., & Jastrow, J. D. (2006). Storage and dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soil physical fractions following woody plant invasion of grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 3184-3196.
Majumder, B, Ruehlmann, J., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2010). Effects of aggregation processes on the distribution of aggregate size fractions and organic C content of a long-term fertilized soil. European Journal of Soil Biology, 46,365-370.
Mandal, A., Patra, A. K., Singh, D., Swarup, A., & Masto, R. E. (2007). Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in the soil during crop development stages. Bioresource Technology, 98, 3585-3592.
Manna, M. C., Bhattacharyya, P., Adhya, T. K, Singh, M., Wanjari, R. H., & Ramana, S. (2013). Carbon fractions and productivity under changed climate scenario in soybean- wheat system. Field Crop Research 145:10-20.
Manna, M. C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R. H., Mishra, B., & Shahi, D. K. (2007). Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil and Tillage Research, 94, 397-409.
Manna, M. C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R. H., Rawankar, H. N., Mishra, B., Saha, M. N. Singh, Y.V., Sahi, D.K., & Sarap, P. A. (2005). Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. Field Crops Research, 93, 264-280.
Marschner, P., Kandeler, E., & Marschner, B. (2003). Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 453-461.
McGill, W. B., Cannon, K. R., Robertson, J. A. & Cook, F. D. (1986). Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and water-soluble organic C in Breton L after 50 years of cropping to two rotations. Canadian Journal of soil science, 66, 1-19.
Nianpeng, H., Ruomeng, W., Yang, G., Jingzhong, D., Xuefa, W., & Guirui, Y. (2013). Changes in the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition with grassland succession: implications for soil C sequestration. Ecology and Evolution. 3:5045–5054.
Peacock, A. D., Mullen, M. D., Ringelberg, D. B.,Tyler, D. D., Hedrick, D. B., Gale, P. M. and White, D. C. (2001) Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate applicatons. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33, 1011-1019.
Ruhela, M., Bhardwaj, S., Garg, V., & Ahamad, F. (2022). Assessment of soil quality at selected sites around Karwi town, Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh), India. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 7(3), 379-385.
Saha, D., Kukal, S. S., & Bawa, S. S. (2012). Soil organic carbon stock and fractions in relation to landuse and soil depth in degraded Shiwalik of lower Himalayas. Land Degradation and Development. 25(5), 407-416
Silva, A. P., Babujia, L.C., Franchini, J. C., Ralisch, R., Hungria, M., & Guimarães, M. F. (2014). Soil structure and its influence on microbial biomass in different soil and crop management systems. Soil and Tillage Research. 147:42–53.
Solaiappan, U. (2002). Effect of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure on cotton- sorghum rotation in rainfed vertisol. Madras Agricultural Journal, 89, 448-450.
Tabatabai, M, A., & Bremner. J, M. (1972). Assay of urease activity in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 4, 479-487.
Tabatabai, M. A., & Bremner, J. M. (1969). Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1, 301-307.
Tripathi, R., Nayak, A. K., Bhattacharyya, P., Shukla, A. K., Shahid, M., Raja, R., Panda, B. B., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A., & Thilagam, V. K. (2014). Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41years long-term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice–rice system. Geoderma, 213, 280–286.
Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. D., & Jenkinson, D. S. (1987). Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils. The use of the chloroform fumigation incubation method in strongly acidic soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19, 697-702.
Walkley, A., & Black, C. A. (1934). An examination of the method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-38.
Yadav, R. K., Purakayastha, T. J., Parihar, C. M., & Khan, M. A. (2017). Assessment of carbon pools in Inceptisol under potato (Solanum tuberosum) based cropping systems in Indo-Gangetic plains. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87(3): 306–11.
Yeomas, J., & Bremmer, J. M. (1989). A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 19(14), 67-76.
Yoder, R. E. (1936). A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. Agronomy Journal, 28, 337-351.
Zhang, N., He, X., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, H., Ma, D., Zhang, R., & Yang, S. (2010). Pedogenic Carbonate and Soil Dehydrogenase Activity in Response To Soil Organic Matter in Artemisia ordosica Community. Pedosphere 20, 229-235.
Anonymous (2018). Pearl Millet Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University.
Bandyopadhyay, P. K., Saha, S., Mani, P. K., & Mandal, B. (2010). Effects of organic inputs on aggregate associated organic carbon concentration under long-term rice-wheat cropping system. Geoderma, 154, 379-386.
Benbi, D. K., Biswas, C. R., Bawa, S. S., & Kumar, K. (1998). Influence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment. Soil Use and Management, 14, 52–54.
Benbi, D. K., Brar, K., Toor, A. S., & Sharma, S. (2015). Sensitivity of labile soil organic carbon pool to long-term fertilizer, straw and manure management in rice-wheat system. Pedosphere, 25(4), 534-545.
Bhardwaj, S., Khanna, D. R., Ruhela, M., Bhutiani, R., Bhardwaj, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Assessment of the soil quality of Haridwar Uttarakhand India: A comparative study. Environment Conservation Journal, 21(3), 155-164.
Bhatt, B., Chandra, R., Shri, R., & Pareek, N. (2016). Long-term effects of fertilization and manuring on productivity and soil biological properties under rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequence in Mollisol. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 62(8), 1109-1122.
Bhattacharyya, R., Kundu, S., Srivastava, A. K., Gupta, H. S., Prakash, V., & Bhatt, J. C. (2011). Long-term fertilization effects on soil organic carbon pools in sandy loam soil of the Indian sub-Himalayas. Plant and Soil. 341:109–124
Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2019). A case study on changing pattern of agriculture and related factors at Najibabad region of Bijnor, India. Contaminants in Agriculture and Environment: Health Risks and Remediation, 1, 236.
Cassida, L. E., Klein, D. P., & Santaro, T. (1964). Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Science, 93, 371-376.
Chakraborty, A., Chakraborty, K., Chakraborty, A., & Ghosh, S. (2011). Effect of long-term fertilizers and manure application on microbial biomass and microbial activity of a tropical agricultural soil. Biology and fertility of Soils, 29(1), 81-85.
Chenu, C., Le Bissonnais, Y., & Arrouays, D. (2000). Organic matter influence on clay wettability and soil aggregate stability. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 64, 1479-1486.
Dixit, A. K., Rai, A. K., Prasad, M., Choudhary, M., Kumar, S., Srivastava, M.K., Rai, S. K., & Singh, H.V. (2019). Long-term fertilization effects on carbon pools and carbon management index of a loamy soil under grass– forage legumes mixture in semi-arid environment, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science.
Dutta, D., Singh D. K., Subash, N., Ravisankar, N., Kumar, V., Meena, A. L., Mishra, A. L., Singh, S., Kumar, V., & Panwar, A. S. (2018). Effect of long-term use of organic, inorganic and integrated management practices on carbon sequestration and soil carbon pools in different cropping systems in Tarai region of Kumayun hills. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 88 (4): 523–9.
Ghosh, A., Bhattacharyya, R., Agarwal, B. K., Mahapatra, P., Shahi, D. K., Singh, G., Agnihorti, R., Sawlani, R., & Sharma, C. (2019). Long¬-term fertilization effects on 13C natural abundance, soil aggregation, and deep soil organic carbon sequestration in an Alfisol. Land Degradation and Development. 30:391–405.
Ghosh, S., Wilson, B., Ghoshal, S., Senapati, N., & Mandal, B. (2012). Organic amendments influence soil quality and carbon sequestration in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment, 156,134-141.
Haynes, R. J., & Swift, R. S. (1990). Stability of soil aggregates in relation to organic constituents and soil water content. Journal of Soil Science, 41,73–83.
Helfrich, M., Ludwig, B., Thoms, C., Gleixner, G., & Flessa, H. (2015). The role of soil fungi and bacteria in plant litter decomposition and macroaggregate formation determined using phospholipid fatty acids. Applied Soil Ecology, 96,261–26.
Jackson, M. L. (1979). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Kanchikerimath, M., &Singh, D. (2001) Soil organic matter and biological properties after 26 years of maize–wheat–cowpea cropping as affected by manure and fertilization in a Cambisol in semi-arid region of India. Agriculture ecosystems and environment, 86, 155–162
Kundu, S., Bhattacharyya, R., Prakash, V., Ghosh, B. N., & Gupta, H. S. (2007). Carbon sequestration and the relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas. Soil and Tillage Research, 92, 87-95.
Lal, R. (2004). Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems. Environmental Management, 33, 528-544.
Lal, R. (2011) Sequestering carbon in soils of agro-ecosystems. Food Policy, 36,33-39.
Liang, Q., Chen, H., Gong, Y., Fan, M., Yang, H., Lal, R., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2012). Effect of 15 years of manure and inorganic fertilizers on soil organic carbon fractions in a wheat-maize system in the north China plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 92, 21-33.
Liao, J. D., Boutton, T. W., & Jastrow, J. D. (2006). Storage and dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soil physical fractions following woody plant invasion of grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 3184-3196.
Majumder, B, Ruehlmann, J., & Kuzyakov, Y. (2010). Effects of aggregation processes on the distribution of aggregate size fractions and organic C content of a long-term fertilized soil. European Journal of Soil Biology, 46,365-370.
Mandal, A., Patra, A. K., Singh, D., Swarup, A., & Masto, R. E. (2007). Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in the soil during crop development stages. Bioresource Technology, 98, 3585-3592.
Manna, M. C., Bhattacharyya, P., Adhya, T. K, Singh, M., Wanjari, R. H., & Ramana, S. (2013). Carbon fractions and productivity under changed climate scenario in soybean- wheat system. Field Crop Research 145:10-20.
Manna, M. C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R. H., Mishra, B., & Shahi, D. K. (2007). Long-term fertilization, manure and liming effects on soil organic matter and crop yields. Soil and Tillage Research, 94, 397-409.
Manna, M. C., Swarup, A., Wanjari, R. H., Rawankar, H. N., Mishra, B., Saha, M. N. Singh, Y.V., Sahi, D.K., & Sarap, P. A. (2005). Long-term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil organic carbon storage, soil quality and yield sustainability under sub-humid and semi-arid tropical India. Field Crops Research, 93, 264-280.
Marschner, P., Kandeler, E., & Marschner, B. (2003). Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35, 453-461.
McGill, W. B., Cannon, K. R., Robertson, J. A. & Cook, F. D. (1986). Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and water-soluble organic C in Breton L after 50 years of cropping to two rotations. Canadian Journal of soil science, 66, 1-19.
Nianpeng, H., Ruomeng, W., Yang, G., Jingzhong, D., Xuefa, W., & Guirui, Y. (2013). Changes in the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition with grassland succession: implications for soil C sequestration. Ecology and Evolution. 3:5045–5054.
Peacock, A. D., Mullen, M. D., Ringelberg, D. B.,Tyler, D. D., Hedrick, D. B., Gale, P. M. and White, D. C. (2001) Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate applicatons. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33, 1011-1019.
Ruhela, M., Bhardwaj, S., Garg, V., & Ahamad, F. (2022). Assessment of soil quality at selected sites around Karwi town, Chitrakoot (Uttar Pradesh), India. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 7(3), 379-385.
Saha, D., Kukal, S. S., & Bawa, S. S. (2012). Soil organic carbon stock and fractions in relation to landuse and soil depth in degraded Shiwalik of lower Himalayas. Land Degradation and Development. 25(5), 407-416
Silva, A. P., Babujia, L.C., Franchini, J. C., Ralisch, R., Hungria, M., & Guimarães, M. F. (2014). Soil structure and its influence on microbial biomass in different soil and crop management systems. Soil and Tillage Research. 147:42–53.
Solaiappan, U. (2002). Effect of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure on cotton- sorghum rotation in rainfed vertisol. Madras Agricultural Journal, 89, 448-450.
Tabatabai, M, A., & Bremner. J, M. (1972). Assay of urease activity in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 4, 479-487.
Tabatabai, M. A., & Bremner, J. M. (1969). Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 1, 301-307.
Tripathi, R., Nayak, A. K., Bhattacharyya, P., Shukla, A. K., Shahid, M., Raja, R., Panda, B. B., Mohanty, S., Kumar, A., & Thilagam, V. K. (2014). Soil aggregation and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in different fractions after 41years long-term fertilizer experiment in tropical rice–rice system. Geoderma, 213, 280–286.
Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. D., & Jenkinson, D. S. (1987). Microbial biomass measurements in forest soils. The use of the chloroform fumigation incubation method in strongly acidic soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19, 697-702.
Walkley, A., & Black, C. A. (1934). An examination of the method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-38.
Yadav, R. K., Purakayastha, T. J., Parihar, C. M., & Khan, M. A. (2017). Assessment of carbon pools in Inceptisol under potato (Solanum tuberosum) based cropping systems in Indo-Gangetic plains. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 87(3): 306–11.
Yeomas, J., & Bremmer, J. M. (1989). A rapid and precise method for routine determination of organic carbon in soil. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 19(14), 67-76.
Yoder, R. E. (1936). A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. Agronomy Journal, 28, 337-351.
Zhang, N., He, X., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, H., Ma, D., Zhang, R., & Yang, S. (2010). Pedogenic Carbonate and Soil Dehydrogenase Activity in Response To Soil Organic Matter in Artemisia ordosica Community. Pedosphere 20, 229-235.
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