Occurrence of Phytophthora nicotianae causing collar and root rot disease of Chrysanthemum in India
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Published
Jan 15, 2023
Priti Sonavane
V. Venkataravanappa
M. Krishna Reddy Pavithra R S
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-6757
V. Venkataravanappa
M. Krishna Reddy Pavithra R S
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is an important flower crop grown in different parts of the world. Apparently there are new reports of chrysanthemum collar rot and root rot caused by Phytophthora sp. around the world. In recent years there has been increase in incidence of Phytophthora root and collar rot in chrysanthemum and no information is available about this disease in India. Therefore the aim of the present study is to isolate and characterize the pathogen causing collar rot and root rot disease of chrysanthemum. During year 2021, the plants exhibiting collar rot and root rot disease symptoms were received from the local farmers. Based on initial micro-morphological observation it was identified as Phytophthora sp. Further the pure culture of pathogen was isolated and confirmed its identity through cultural, morphological and amplification of the three regions/genes (ITS, tef-1α and β-tubulin) of Phytophthora sp. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequence derived from ITS, tef-1 and β-tubulin sequences of five Phytophthora isolates (PhN1, PhN2, PhN3, PhN4 and PhN5) showed close clustering of these isolates with Phytophthora nicotianae isolates infecting different crops. This is first detailed characterization of Phytophthora nicotianae causing collar rot and root rot in chrysanthemum in India.
How to Cite
Sonavane, P., Venkataravanappa, V., Krishna Reddy, M., & R S, P. (2023). Occurrence of Phytophthora nicotianae causing collar and root rot disease of Chrysanthemum in India. Environment Conservation Journal, 24(1), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.11922310
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Keywords
Chrysanthemum, Collar rot and Root rot, Multi-locus phylogeny, Phytophthora nicotianae
References
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Bhattacharya, A. & Teixerra da Silva, J. A. (2006). Molecular systematic in Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura, Scientia Horticulturae, 109, 379–384.
Blair, J. E., Coffey, M. D., Park, S.Y., Geiser, D. M. & Kang, S. (2008). A multi-locus phylogeny for Phytophthora utilizing markers derived from complete genome sequences, Fungal Genetic and Biology, 45(3), 266-277. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.10.010.
Camacho, E. R. (2009). M. S. Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, SC,Cooke, D. E. L., Drenth, A., Duncan, J. M., Wagels, G. & Brasier, C. M. (2000). A molecular phylogeny of Phytophthora and related Oomycetes, Fungal Genetic and Biology, 30, 17–32.
Cook, R. T. A. (2001). First report in England of changes in the susceptibility of Puccinia horiana, the cause of chrysanthemum white rust, to triazole and strobilurin fungicides, New Disease Reporter, 50, 792.
Donahoo, R., Blomquist, C. L., Thomas, S. L., Moulton, J. K., Cooke, D. E. L. & Lamour, K. H. (2006). Phytophthora foliorum sp. nov., a new species causing leaf blight of azalea, Mycological Research, 110, 1309–1322.
Doyle, J. J. & Doyle, J. L. (1990). Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue, Focus, 12, 13-15.
Frezzi, M. J. (1950). Review Invest Agriculture, 4, 47.
Götz, M., Ulrich, R. & Werres, S. (2017). First detection of Phytophthora chrysanthemi on Chrysanthemum indicum in Germany. New Disease Reporter, 35, 6. http://www.ndrs.org.uk /article.php?id=035006.
Ivors, K. L., Hayden, K. J., Bonants, P. J. M., Rizzo, D. M. & Garbelotto, M. (2004). AFLP and phylogenetic analyses of North American and European populations of Phytophthora ramorum, Mycological Research, 108, 378–392.
Joshi, M., Verma, L. R. & Masu, M. M. (2010). Performance of different varieties of chrysanthemum in respect of growth, flowering and flower yield under north Gujarat condition. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 4(2), 292-294.
Krasnow, C., Rechcigl, N., Olson, J., Schmitz, L. & Jeffers, S. N. (2021). First Report of Stem and Foliage Blight of Chrysanthemum Caused by Phytophthora drechsleri in the United States, Plant Disease, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0631-PDN
Krimitzas, A., Pyrri, I., Kouvelis, V. N., Gotsi, E. K. & Typas, M. A. (2013). Phylogenetic analysis of greek isolates of Aspergillus species based on morphology and nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, BioMed Research International, 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013 /260395
Kroon, L. P. N. M., Bakker, F. T., van den Bosch, G. B. M., Bonants, P. J. M. & Flier, W.G. (2004). Phylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, Fungal Genetic Biology, 41, 766–782.
Kumar, S., Glen, S., Michael, L., Christina, K., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6): 1547–1549.
Lang, B. F., Gray, M. W. & Burger, G. (1999). Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Annual Review of Genetics, 33: 351-397.
Lin, S., Martin, D. E., Taylor, N. J., Gabriel, C. K. & Peduto, C. F. (2017). Occurrence of Phytophthora chrysanthemi causing root and stem rot on garden mums in the United States, Plant disease, 101(6).
Luong, T. M., Huynh, L. M. T., Hoang, H. M. T., Tesoriero, L. A., Burgers, L. W., Phan, H. T. & Davies, P. (2010). First report of Pythium root rot of Chrysanthemum in Vietnam and control with Metalaxyl drench. Plant Disease Notes, 5, 51- 54.
Maddison, W. & Maddison, D. R. (2019). Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61. http://www.mesquiteproject.org
Martin, F. N. & Tooley, P. W. (2003a). Phylogenetic relationships among Phytophthora species inferred from sequence analysis of the mitochondrially-encoded cytochrome oxidase I and II genes, Mycologia, 95, 269–284.
Martin, F. N. & Tooley, P. W. (2003b). Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora ramorum, P. nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae, three species recovered from areas in California with sudden oak death, Mycological Research, 107, 1379–1391.
Molnar, C., Nikolaeva, E., Kim, S., Olson, T., Bily, D., Kim, J. & Kang, S. (2020). Microorganisms, 60(8), 1056. https://doi:10.3390/microorganisms8071056
Mullen, J. M., Hagan, A. K. & Carey, D. K. (2001). First Report of Phytophthora blossom blight of chrysanthemum caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. Plant disease, 85(8), 923. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.923B. PMID: 30823076.
Naher, M., Motohash, K. & Watanabe, H. (2011). Phytophthora chrysanthemi sp. nov., a new species causing root rot of chrysanthemum in Japan, Mycological Progress, 10, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0670-9.
Nishi, N., Muta, T., Ito, Y., Nakamura, M. & Tsukiboshi, T. (2009). Ray speck of Chrysanthemum caused by Stemphylium lycopersici in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 75: 80 - 82.
Randall-Schadel, B. (2016). NPAG Report - Phytophthora chrysanthemi :Crown and root rot of chrysanthemum. New Pest Advisory Group, United States Department of Agriculture.
Santos, D. A. F., Edmn, L. & De Souza, J. T. (2005). Phytophthora nicotianae : agente etiológico da gomose da acácia negra no Brasil, Fitopatologia Brasileira, 30, 81– 84.
Singh, P. K. & Kumar, V., (2014). Fusarium Wilt of Chrysanthemum – Problems and Prospects. Plant Pathology & Quarantine, 4(1), 34–44, Doi 10.5943/ppq/4/1
Sonavane, P. and Venkataravanappa, V. (2017). Status of Phytophthora and Huanglongbing Diseases of Citrus Causing Decline in Coorg Mandarin in India. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B. 7(4). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6264/2017.04.002
Tomic, Z. & Ivic, D. (2015). Phytophthora chrysanthemi Naher, Motohash, Watanabe, Chikuo, Senda, Suga, Brasier & Kageyama - new cause of chrysanthemum disease in Croatia. Glasilo biljne zaštite, 15(4), 291-300.
Waterhouse, G. M. (1963). Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary. Mycological Papers, 92. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK.
White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M. A., Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky, J. J., White T. J., eds. PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego: Academic Press. 315–321.
Bhattacharya, A. & Teixerra da Silva, J. A. (2006). Molecular systematic in Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura, Scientia Horticulturae, 109, 379–384.
Blair, J. E., Coffey, M. D., Park, S.Y., Geiser, D. M. & Kang, S. (2008). A multi-locus phylogeny for Phytophthora utilizing markers derived from complete genome sequences, Fungal Genetic and Biology, 45(3), 266-277. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.10.010.
Camacho, E. R. (2009). M. S. Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, SC,Cooke, D. E. L., Drenth, A., Duncan, J. M., Wagels, G. & Brasier, C. M. (2000). A molecular phylogeny of Phytophthora and related Oomycetes, Fungal Genetic and Biology, 30, 17–32.
Cook, R. T. A. (2001). First report in England of changes in the susceptibility of Puccinia horiana, the cause of chrysanthemum white rust, to triazole and strobilurin fungicides, New Disease Reporter, 50, 792.
Donahoo, R., Blomquist, C. L., Thomas, S. L., Moulton, J. K., Cooke, D. E. L. & Lamour, K. H. (2006). Phytophthora foliorum sp. nov., a new species causing leaf blight of azalea, Mycological Research, 110, 1309–1322.
Doyle, J. J. & Doyle, J. L. (1990). Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue, Focus, 12, 13-15.
Frezzi, M. J. (1950). Review Invest Agriculture, 4, 47.
Götz, M., Ulrich, R. & Werres, S. (2017). First detection of Phytophthora chrysanthemi on Chrysanthemum indicum in Germany. New Disease Reporter, 35, 6. http://www.ndrs.org.uk /article.php?id=035006.
Ivors, K. L., Hayden, K. J., Bonants, P. J. M., Rizzo, D. M. & Garbelotto, M. (2004). AFLP and phylogenetic analyses of North American and European populations of Phytophthora ramorum, Mycological Research, 108, 378–392.
Joshi, M., Verma, L. R. & Masu, M. M. (2010). Performance of different varieties of chrysanthemum in respect of growth, flowering and flower yield under north Gujarat condition. The Asian Journal of Horticulture, 4(2), 292-294.
Krasnow, C., Rechcigl, N., Olson, J., Schmitz, L. & Jeffers, S. N. (2021). First Report of Stem and Foliage Blight of Chrysanthemum Caused by Phytophthora drechsleri in the United States, Plant Disease, https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-21-0631-PDN
Krimitzas, A., Pyrri, I., Kouvelis, V. N., Gotsi, E. K. & Typas, M. A. (2013). Phylogenetic analysis of greek isolates of Aspergillus species based on morphology and nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences, BioMed Research International, 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013 /260395
Kroon, L. P. N. M., Bakker, F. T., van den Bosch, G. B. M., Bonants, P. J. M. & Flier, W.G. (2004). Phylogenetic analysis of Phytophthora species based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences, Fungal Genetic Biology, 41, 766–782.
Kumar, S., Glen, S., Michael, L., Christina, K., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35(6): 1547–1549.
Lang, B. F., Gray, M. W. & Burger, G. (1999). Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Annual Review of Genetics, 33: 351-397.
Lin, S., Martin, D. E., Taylor, N. J., Gabriel, C. K. & Peduto, C. F. (2017). Occurrence of Phytophthora chrysanthemi causing root and stem rot on garden mums in the United States, Plant disease, 101(6).
Luong, T. M., Huynh, L. M. T., Hoang, H. M. T., Tesoriero, L. A., Burgers, L. W., Phan, H. T. & Davies, P. (2010). First report of Pythium root rot of Chrysanthemum in Vietnam and control with Metalaxyl drench. Plant Disease Notes, 5, 51- 54.
Maddison, W. & Maddison, D. R. (2019). Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 3.61. http://www.mesquiteproject.org
Martin, F. N. & Tooley, P. W. (2003a). Phylogenetic relationships among Phytophthora species inferred from sequence analysis of the mitochondrially-encoded cytochrome oxidase I and II genes, Mycologia, 95, 269–284.
Martin, F. N. & Tooley, P. W. (2003b). Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora ramorum, P. nemorosa and P. pseudosyringae, three species recovered from areas in California with sudden oak death, Mycological Research, 107, 1379–1391.
Molnar, C., Nikolaeva, E., Kim, S., Olson, T., Bily, D., Kim, J. & Kang, S. (2020). Microorganisms, 60(8), 1056. https://doi:10.3390/microorganisms8071056
Mullen, J. M., Hagan, A. K. & Carey, D. K. (2001). First Report of Phytophthora blossom blight of chrysanthemum caused by Phytophthora nicotianae. Plant disease, 85(8), 923. doi: 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.8.923B. PMID: 30823076.
Naher, M., Motohash, K. & Watanabe, H. (2011). Phytophthora chrysanthemi sp. nov., a new species causing root rot of chrysanthemum in Japan, Mycological Progress, 10, 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0670-9.
Nishi, N., Muta, T., Ito, Y., Nakamura, M. & Tsukiboshi, T. (2009). Ray speck of Chrysanthemum caused by Stemphylium lycopersici in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 75: 80 - 82.
Randall-Schadel, B. (2016). NPAG Report - Phytophthora chrysanthemi :Crown and root rot of chrysanthemum. New Pest Advisory Group, United States Department of Agriculture.
Santos, D. A. F., Edmn, L. & De Souza, J. T. (2005). Phytophthora nicotianae : agente etiológico da gomose da acácia negra no Brasil, Fitopatologia Brasileira, 30, 81– 84.
Singh, P. K. & Kumar, V., (2014). Fusarium Wilt of Chrysanthemum – Problems and Prospects. Plant Pathology & Quarantine, 4(1), 34–44, Doi 10.5943/ppq/4/1
Sonavane, P. and Venkataravanappa, V. (2017). Status of Phytophthora and Huanglongbing Diseases of Citrus Causing Decline in Coorg Mandarin in India. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B. 7(4). https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6264/2017.04.002
Tomic, Z. & Ivic, D. (2015). Phytophthora chrysanthemi Naher, Motohash, Watanabe, Chikuo, Senda, Suga, Brasier & Kageyama - new cause of chrysanthemum disease in Croatia. Glasilo biljne zaštite, 15(4), 291-300.
Waterhouse, G. M. (1963). Key to the species of Phytophthora de Bary. Mycological Papers, 92. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, UK.
White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M. A., Gelfand, D. H., Sninsky, J. J., White T. J., eds. PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. San Diego: Academic Press. 315–321.
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