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Abstract
An intercropping trial conducted during 2011 to 2017 using five year old amla (Emblica officinalis L.) orchard planted at 4 X 4 m spacing and grown under rainfed condition to identify the suitable and profitable intercrops. The intercrops viz, finger millet, fodder maize, field bean, grain amaranth, cowpea, horsegram were considered in the study besides their pure stand. Growth parameter of amla such as plant height (369 cm), number of branches/tree (2.73), stem diameter (35.31 cm), canopy spread (279 cm) and biomass yield (296 kg/ha ) was found to be statistically significant with Amla intercropped with field bean compared with sole amla. The higher amla equivalent yield was recorded in intercropping with finger millet (1517 kg/ha) and was at par with cowpea (1298 kg/ha). Finger millet proved to be better intercrop in amla and registered 57.11 per cent higher net returns and Benefit cost ratio than sole amla. Overall, Amla + finger millet cropping system was found to be more sustainable both interms of benefit cost ratio (2.43) and improving system productivity (104.44 %) followed by pulse crop such as cowpea and field bean. The higher sustainable yield index (0.83) was with amla + finger millet intercropping system while Land Equivalent Ratio and Area Time Equivalent Ratio were higher with amla + field bean intercropping system.
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References
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- Saroj, P. L., Dhandar., D. G., Sharma., B. D., Bhargava, R., & Purohit. C. K. (2003). Ber (Zizfphus mauritiana Lamk.) based agri-horti system: A sustainable land use for arid ecosystem. Indian J. Agroforestry, 5: 30–50.
- Shashidhar, G. B., Basavaraja, R., & Nadagouda, B. (2000). Studies on pigeonpea intercropping systems in small millets under shallow red soils. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci, 13 (1): 7-10
- Swain, S. C., Sahooand, S. C., & Mishra. P. J. (2014). Effect of intercropping systems on growth, yield, fruit quality and leaf nutrient status of mango under rainfed situation. Int. J. Agric. Sci, 8: 174-78.
- Thimmegowda, M. N., Devaraja, K., Savitha, M. S., & Puneetha. K. M. (2019). Studies on different intercrops in amla based Agri-Horti system. National conference on Arid Fruits: Away forward for Sustainable production and nutritional security, Souvenir cum abstract compendium, Pp: 169. 28th to 30th November-2019. UAS, Raichur.
- Thimmegowda, M. N., Ramachandrappa, B. K., Devaraja, K., Savitha, M. S., Srikanth Babu, P. N., Gopinath., K. A., Ravindra Chary, G., & Ch. Srinivasa Rao. (2016). Climate resilient intercropping systems for rainfed red soils of Karnataka. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev, 31 (2): 39-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6701.2016.00023.3
- Willey, R. W. (1979). Intercropping- Its importance and research needs. Field Crop Abstract, 32(2):73-85.
References
Adiveppa Mallappa Asangi, Krishna Murthy., R.., Chamegowda,, T. C., Sathish., A.,. Thimmegowda, M. N., & Devakumar. A. S. (2019). Influence of custard apple (Annonasquamosa L.) based agri-horticulture system on intercrop yield and soil properties. Int. J. Pure App. Bio. Sci, 7(2), 79-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7337
Awasthi, O. P., & Saroj. P. L. (2004). Economic analysis of mango multistrate intercropping. Tropical Sci, 44(1), 43-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ts.131
Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2019). A case study on changing pattern of agriculture and related factors at Najibabad region of Bijnor, India. Contaminants in Agriculture and Environment: Health Risks and Remediation, 1, 236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/AESA-2019-CAE-0158-018
Chaturvedi, O. P., & Jha. M. K. (1998). Crop production and economics under Litchi chinensisSonn. Plantation across 1 to 9 year age series in north Bihar, India. Int. Tree Crop J, 9, 159-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1998.9752971
Chauhan, S. K, W. S., Dhillon., N., Singhand, R., & Sharma. (2013). Physiological ehaviour and yield evaluation of agronomic crops under agri -horti-silviculture system. Int. J. Plantation Res, 3, 1-8.
Gomez, K. A., & Gomez. A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research, 2nd Edition, A Wiley Inter Science Publication, New York.
Henry, A., & Kumar. D. (2005). Arid legumes for sustainable agriculture and trade, Scientific publishers,1-199.
Hiebsch, C. K., & Mc Collum. R. I. (1987). Area-x-time equivalency ratio: a method for evaluating the productivity of intercrops. Agron. J, 79: 15-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900010004x
Kimou, S. H., Coulibaly., L. F., Koffi., B. Y., Toure., Y., Dede K. J., & Kone. M. (2017). Effect of row spatial arrangements on agromorphological responses of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). African J. Agric. Res. 12(34), 2633-2641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2017.12509
Koli, B. D., Deshpande., A. N., Kate, R. N., & Banga., A. R. (2004). Inter and Intra cropping of vegetables in castor on inceptisols of dryland conditions. Indian J. Agron, 49(3), 154-156.
Korwar, G. R., Pratibha., G., Ravi, V., & Palanikumar. D. (2006). Influence of organics and inorganics on growth, yield of anola (Emblica officinalis) and soil quality in semi arid tropics. Indian J. Agric. Sci, 76, 457-461.
Maitra, S., Palai., J. B., Manasa P., & Kumar. D. P. (2019). Potential of intercropping system in sustaining crop productivity. International Journal of Agriculture. Environ. Biotechno, 12(1), 39-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/0974-1712.03.2019.7
Meena L. R., Mann J. S., & Meena Ram Kesh. (2011). Performance evaluation of cowpea and Cenchrus setigerus intercropping and nitrogen supplementation through organic and inorganic sources in Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) based horti- pasture system. Range Manage. Agrofor, 32(1), 33-39.
Mudalagiriyappa, Nanjappa., H. V., Ramachandrappa B. K., & Sharath Kumar. H. C. (2011). Productivity and Economics of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) based Intercropping Systems in Vertisols under Rainfed Conditions. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev, 26(2), 77-81.
Nath, V., Das., B., Yadav., M. S., Kumar., S., & Sikka., A. K. (2007). Guava suitable crop for second floor in multi-storied cropping system in upland plateau of eastern India. Acta Horti. 735: 277–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.735.39
Ramachandrappa, B. K., Thimmegowda., M. N., Sathish., A., Dhanapal G. N., & Ravi Kumar. H. S. (2016a). Effect of intercropping in nipped castor (Ricinus communis L.) under rainfed conditions. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev, 31(1): 30-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6701.2016.00005.1
Ramachandrappa, B. K., Thimmegowda., M. N., Sathish., A., Jagadeesh., B. N., Devaraja., K., Srikanth Babu., P. N., and Savitha. M. S. (2016b). Real time contingency measures to cope with rainfall variability in southern Karnataka. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev, 31(1), 37-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6701.2016.00006.3
Ramulu, Ramachandrappa., B. K., Sathish., A., Mudalagiriyappa & Nanjappa. H. V. (2015). Growth and yield of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) in agri-horti system. Res. Crops., 16(3): 531-536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2015.00075.3
Saroj, P. L., Dhandar., D. G., Sharma., B. D., Bhargava, R., & Purohit. C. K. (2003). Ber (Zizfphus mauritiana Lamk.) based agri-horti system: A sustainable land use for arid ecosystem. Indian J. Agroforestry, 5: 30–50.
Shashidhar, G. B., Basavaraja, R., & Nadagouda, B. (2000). Studies on pigeonpea intercropping systems in small millets under shallow red soils. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci, 13 (1): 7-10
Swain, S. C., Sahooand, S. C., & Mishra. P. J. (2014). Effect of intercropping systems on growth, yield, fruit quality and leaf nutrient status of mango under rainfed situation. Int. J. Agric. Sci, 8: 174-78.
Thimmegowda, M. N., Devaraja, K., Savitha, M. S., & Puneetha. K. M. (2019). Studies on different intercrops in amla based Agri-Horti system. National conference on Arid Fruits: Away forward for Sustainable production and nutritional security, Souvenir cum abstract compendium, Pp: 169. 28th to 30th November-2019. UAS, Raichur.
Thimmegowda, M. N., Ramachandrappa, B. K., Devaraja, K., Savitha, M. S., Srikanth Babu, P. N., Gopinath., K. A., Ravindra Chary, G., & Ch. Srinivasa Rao. (2016). Climate resilient intercropping systems for rainfed red soils of Karnataka. Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. Dev, 31 (2): 39-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6701.2016.00023.3
Willey, R. W. (1979). Intercropping- Its importance and research needs. Field Crop Abstract, 32(2):73-85.