Main Article Content

Abstract

The novel coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was reported / identified in Wuhan, China. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a ‘pandemic’ due to its Worldwide spread. Researchers have been trying to find a suitable treatment from available drugs like Dexamethasone, and Remdesivir to fight the novel coronavirus outbreak. AstraZeneca-SK Bio, Moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech and Janssen vaccines were added to the WHO's list of emergency use. Our review work highlights the repurposing of drugs and leading vaccines to counter COVID-19. 

Keywords

Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic Pfizer/BioNTech Astrazeneca-SK Bio Janssen and Moderna

Article Details

How to Cite
Rana, P. ., & Rawal, V. (2022). Repurposing of drugs and leading vaccines work against COVID-19. Environment Conservation Journal, 23(1&2), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.021904-2161

References

  1. Bayat, M., Asemani, Y., & Najafi, S. (2021, August). Essential considerations during vaccine design against COVID-19 and review of pioneering vaccine candidate platforms. International Immunopharmacology, 97, 107679. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567576921003155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107679
  2. Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., … & Lane, H. C. (2020, November 5). Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383,1813–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764
  3. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2007764?articleTools=true
  4. Bernal, J. L., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Robertson, C., Stowe, J., Tessier, E., … & Ramsay, M. (2021, May 13). Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study. The BMJ, 373, 1088. https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/373/bmj.n1088.full.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1088
  5. Corum, J., & Zimmer, C. (2021, August 4). How Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin Vaccine Works. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/bharat-biotech-covid-19-vaccine.html
  6. Corum, J., & Zimmer, C. (2021, August 4). How Gamaleya’s Sputnik V Vaccine Works. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/health/gamaleya-covid-19-vaccine.html
  7. Corum, J., & Zimmer, C. (2021, August 4). How Moderna’s Covid-19 Vaccine Works. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/moderna-covid-19-vaccine.html
  8. Corum, J., & Zimmer, C. (2021, August 4). How the Johnson & Johnson Covid-19 Vaccine Works. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine.html
  9. Corum, J., & Zimmer, C. (2021, August 4). How the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Works. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/oxford-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine.html
  10. Corum, J., & Zimmer, C. (2021, August 4). How the Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 Vaccine Works. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine.html
  11. Corum, J., & Zimmer, C. (2021, August 4). How the Sinopharm Covid-19 Vaccine Works. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/health/sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine.html
  12. Ehaideb, S. N., Abdullah, M. L., Abuyassin, B., & Bouchama, A. (2020, October 6). Evidence of a wide gap between COVID-19 in humans and animal models: a systematic review. Critical Care, 24, 594. https://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-020-03304-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-03304-8
  13. Frenck, R. W., Klein, N. P., Kitchin, N., Gurtman, A., Absalon, J., Lockhart, S., … & Gruber, W. C. (2021). Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine, 385, 239–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456
  14. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456
  15. Gautret, P., Lagier, J.-C., Parola, P., Hoang, V. T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., … & Raoult, D. (2020, July). Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56, 105949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
  16. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673621001914
  17. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924857920300996
  18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971220322736
  19. Inbaraj, L. R., George, C. E., & Franklyn, N. N. (2021, March 24). How safe is Covishield (ChAdOx1nCoV-19) vaccine? Experience from a tertiary care hospital in South India. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.16.21253744v1.full DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.16.21253744
  20. Johnson & Johnson. (2021, February 27). Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 Vaccine Authorized by U.S. FDA For Emergency Use - First Single-Shot Vaccine in Fight Against Global Pandemic. https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine-authorized-by-u-s-fda-for-emergency-usefirst-single-shot-vaccine-in-fight-against-global-pandemic Jones, I., & Roy, P. (2021, February 2). Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective. The Lancet, 397,642–643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00191-4
  21. Meo, S. A., Bukhari, I. A., Akram, J., Meo, A. S., & Klonoff, D. C. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines: comparison of biological, pharmacological characteristics and adverse effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 25, 1663–1669. https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/1663-1669.pdf
  22. Mishra, S., PhD. (2020, November 19). How mRNA vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna work, why they’re a breakthrough and why they need to be kept so cold. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-mrna-vaccines-from-pfizer-and-moderna-work-why-theyre-a-breakthrough-and-why-they-need-to-be-kept-so-cold-150238
  23. Muñoz-Fontela, C., Dowling, W. E., Funnell, S. G. P., Gsell, P.-S., Riveros-Balta, A. X., Albrecht, R. A., … & Barouch, D. H. (2020, September 23). Animal models for COVID-19. Nature, 586, 509–515. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2787-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2787-6
  24. National Institutes of Health. (2020, April 29). NIH clinical trial shows Remdesivir accelerates recovery from advanced COVID-19. National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-clinical-trial-shows-remdesivir-accelerates-recovery-advanced-covid-19
  25. Noor, R. (2021, March 3). Developmental Status of the Potential Vaccines for the Mitigation of the COVID-19 Pandemic and a Focus on the Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines. Current Clinical Microbiology Reports, 8, 178–185. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40588-021-00162-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=404ec087-f204-469b-9453-2b4c290f415a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40588-021-00162-y
  26. Pramod, S., Govindan, D., Ramasubramani, P., Kar, S. S., Aggarwal, R., Manoharan, N., & Thabah, M. M. (2021). Effectiveness of Covishield vaccine in preventing Covid-19 – A test-negative case-control study. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.19.21260693v1.full DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.19.21260693
  27. Raghavan, P. (2021, June 10). Explained: How is Biological E’s Corbevax different? The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/corbevax-vaccine-biological-e-india-7344928/
  28. Reporters, F. T. (2021, January 26). Covid vaccine development: The shots available and the doses administered. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/ac5e5ef8-bccb-482b-9f8d-0dab5cac6f9a
  29. Sadoff, J., Gars, M. L., Shukarev, G., Heerwegh, D., Truyers, C., Groot, A. M., ... & Schuitemaker, H. (2020, September 25). Safety and immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine candidate: interim results of a phase 1/2a, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. medRxiv. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.23.20199604v1.full DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.20199604
  30. Shariare, M. H., Parvez, M. A. K., Karikas, G. A., & Kazi, M. (2021, February). The growing complexity of COVID-19 drug and vaccine candidates: challenges and critical transitions. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 14, 214–220. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034120307656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.009
  31. Sharma, E. K. (2021, July 23). Biological E to make up to 100m Corbevax vaccine doses a month, seeks nod for studies on children. The Financial Express. https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/biological-e-to-make-up-to-100m-corbevax-vaccine-doses-a-month-seeks-nod-for-studies-on-children/2296274/
  32. Shereen, M. A., Khan, S., Kazmi, A., Bashir, N., & Siddique, R. (2020, July). COVID-19 infection: Emergence, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. Journal of Advanced Research, 24, 91–98. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123220300540 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
  33. Singh, A. K., Singh, A., Shaikh, A., Singh, R., & Misra, A. (2020). Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 14(3), 241–246. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102587/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011
  34. Tanne, J. H. (2020, December 21). Covid-19: FDA authorizes Moderna vaccine as US starts vaccinating health workers. British Medical Journal (Online), 371. https://www.proquest.com/openview/8b9d3fda9114959c9096d0ba60064b3b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2043523