Article Sidebar

Submitted
August 2, 2021
Accepted
September 14, 2021
Published
December 19, 2021
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 358 Download : 186

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Unplanned discarding of industrial effluent, sewage, domestic and industrial solid waste, unwise use of insecticides, herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizer in agriculture are the major causes of groundwater quality reduction. In the present paper groundwater quality of the two selected village of Rajauli subdivision of Nawada district of Bihar was assessed using water quality index (WQI). The samples were figured out for the parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), chloride, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and fluoride. All the parameters were found below the standard limits of Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS, 2012) except total hardness (328.1mg/l to 346.6mg/l), calcium (105.3mg/l to 122.6mg/l), magnesium (46.1mg/l to 55.7mg/l) and fluoride (4.8 to 4.9mg/l). Fluoride was observed more than 3 times than the standard permissible limit (1.5mg/l). Water quality index (WQI) was also applied on the obtained data to make it easy to understand. Based on WQI (including the fluoride), all the four sites fall in unfit for drinking category (250.79, 258.78, 281.78, 247.30) and in poor to very poor category (80.23, 88.19, 88.59, 64.60) excluding the fluoride from WQI calculation. Both the values of WQI shows that fluoride alone is not responsible for the degraded quality of water but other high concentration of salts is also responsible.

Keywords

Fluoride Total dissolved solids Fluoride removal centre (FRC) water quality index (WQI)

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Environment Conservation Journal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Ruhela, M. ., Singh, V. K., & Ahamad, F. (2021). Assessment of groundwater quality of two selected villages of Nawada district of Bihar using water quality index. Environment Conservation Journal, 22(3), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2021.22344
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Adimalla, N., & Venkatayogi, S. (2018). Geochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural utility in semi-arid region of Basara, Telangana State, South India. Applied water science, 8(1), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0682-1
  2. Aguado, D., Montoya, T., Ferrer, J., & Seco, A. (2006). Relating ions concentration variations to conductivity variations in a sequencing batch reactor operated for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Environmental Modelling & Software, 21(6), 845-851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.03.004
  3. Ahmed, I., Tariq, N., & Al Muhery, A. (2019). Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater to align with sustainable development goals in the Emirate of Dubai, UAE. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(1), 44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-8030-1
  4. APHA (2012). In: standards methods for the examination of the water and waste water. American Public Health Association, 22nd Edition, New York.
  5. Bårdsen, A., Bjorvatn, K., & Selvig, K. A. (1996). Variability in fluoride content of subsurface water reservoirs. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 54(6), 343-347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/00016359609003549
  6. Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., & Ruhela, M. (2021). Effect of composition and depth of filter-bed on the efficiency of Sand-intermittent-filter treating the Industrial wastewater at Haridwar, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 13(1), 88-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i1.2421
  7. Bhutiani, R., Ahamad, F., Tyagi, V., & Ram, K. (2018). Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India. Environment Conservation Journal, 19(1&2), 191-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2018.191228
  8. Brindha, K., & Elango, L. (2011). Fluoride in groundwater: causes, implications and mitigation measures. Fluoride properties, applications and environmental management, 1, 111-136.
  9. Brown, R. M., McClelland, N. I., Deininger, R. A., & Tozer, R. G. (1970). A water quality index-do we dare. Water and sewage works, 117(10).
  10. Bureau of Indian Standards (1992). Indian Standard Specifications for Drinking Water. IS: 10500.
  11. Bureau of Indian Standards (2012). Drinking Water-Specification, IS 10500:2012, Second Revision, Government of India, New Delhi.
  12. Central Ground Water Board (2013). Ground Water Information Booklet Nawada District, Bihar State.
  13. Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., He, J., Zhang, J., Lang, Q., Liu, H., & Wu, C. (2021). Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Pollution in the Songnen Plain of Jilin Province, Northeast China. Water, 13(17), 2414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172414
  14. Cude, C. G. (2001). Oregon water quality index a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness 1. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37(1), 125-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05480.x
  15. Edmunds, W. M. and Smedley, P. L. 2005. Fluoride in natural waters. In: Selinus, O. (Ed.), Essentials of Medical Geology. Elsevier Academic Press, London, pp. 301–329.
  16. Gouri, K., & Choudhary, S. K. (2017). Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater Sources of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Area, Bhagalpur, Bihar. IOSR Jour. Environ. Sci., Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSRJESTFT), 11(1), 45-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1101034549
  17. Gupta, S. K., Deshpande, R. D., Agarwal, M., & Raval, B. R. (2005). Origin of high fluoride in groundwater in the North Gujarat-Cambay region, India. Hydrogeology Journal, 13(4), 596-605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0389-2
  18. Hejaz, B., Al-Khatib, I. A., & Mahmoud, N. (2020). Domestic Groundwater Quality in the Northern Governorates of the West Bank, Palestine. Journal of environmental and public health, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6894805
  19. Hua, K., Xiao, J., Li, S., & Li, Z. (2020). Analysis of hydrochemical characteristics and their controlling factors in the Fen River of China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, 101827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101827
  20. Khanna, D. R., & Bhutiani, R. (2008). Laboratory manual of water and wastewater analysis. Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
  21. Kim, K., & Jeong, G. Y. (2005). Factors influencing natural occurrence of fluoride-rich groundwaters: a case study in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Chemosphere, 58(10), 1399-1408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.002
  22. Kumar, A., & Kumar, V. (2015). Fluoride contamination in drinking water and its impact on human health of Kishanganj, Bihar, India. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 5(2), 76-84.
  23. Kundu, N., Panigrahi, M., Tripathy, S., Munshi, S., Powell, M., & Hart, B. (2001). Geochemical appraisal of fluoride contamination of groundwater in the Nayagarh District of Orissa, India. Environmental Geology, 41(3-4), 451-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100414
  24. Li, Y., Li, P., Cui, X., & He, S. (2021). Groundwater quality, health risk, and major influencing factors in the lower Beiluo River watershed of northwest China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 27(7), 1987-2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2021.1940834
  25. Ram, H. K., Ramachandra, M. M., & Vishalakshi, Y. (2007). Limnological Studies on Kolaramma Lake Kolar, Karnataka. Environment and Ecology, 25(2), 364-367.
  26. Salunke, K. A., Bhave, P. P., & Mata, M. M. (2014). Performance status of common effluent treatment plant at Dombivati CETP. Int J Res Eng Technol, 3(9), 48-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0321012
  27. Samal, A. K., Mishra, P. K., & Biswas, A. (2020). Assessment of origin and distribution of fluoride contamination in groundwater using an isotopic signature from a part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India. HydroResearch, 3, 75-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2020.05.001
  28. Saxena, V., & Ahmed, S. (2001). Dissolution of fluoride in groundwater: a water-rock interaction study. Environmental geology, 40(9), 1084-1087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540100290
  29. Singh, R. K., & Singha, M. M. (2009). Fluoride contamination in water of Koshi region (Bihar). International Journal of Chemical Sciences, 7(2), 919-922.
  30. Smedley, P. L., Nicolli, H. B., Macdonald, D. M. J., Barros, A. J., & Tullio, J. O. (2002). Hydrogeochemistry of arsenic and other inorganic constituents in groundwaters from La Pampa, Argentina. Applied geochemistry, 17(3), 259-284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00082-8
  31. Todd, D. K. (1980). Ground-water Hydrology. Second edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 535.
  32. Tyagi, S., Dubey, R. C., Bhutiani, R., & Ahamad, F. (2020). Multivariate Statistical analysis of river ganga water at Rishikesh and Haridwar, India. Analytical Chemistry Letters, 10(2), 195-213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22297928.2020.1756405
  33. Vaiphei, S. P., Kurakalva, R. M., & Sahadevan, D. K. (2020). Water quality index and GIS-based technique for assessment of groundwater quality in Wanaparthy watershed, Telangana, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45041-45062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10345-7
  34. Verma, D. K., Bhunia, G. S., Shit, P. K., & Tiwari, A. K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality of the Central Gangetic Plain Area of India using Geospatial and WQI Techniques. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 92(6), 743-752. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-018-1097-1
  35. Vithanage, M., & Bhattacharya, P. (2015). Fluoride in the environment: sources, distribution and defluoridation. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 13(2), 131-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-015-0496-4
  36. WHO (2004). International Standards for Drinking Water. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp. 55–79.
  37. WHO (2011). World Health Organisation Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 4rd ed. Incorporating the First and Second Addenda, vol. 1 Recommendation, Geneva.
  38. Yasmin, S., Ranjan, S., Hilaluddin, & D’Souza, D. (2013). Effect of excess fluoride ingestion on human thyroid function in Gaya region, Bihar, India. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 95(7), 1235-1243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2013.847619
  39. Yousefi, M., Ghoochani, M., & Mahvi, A. H. (2018). Health risk assessment to fluoride in drinking water of rural residents living in the Poldasht city, Northwest of Iran. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 148, 426-430. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.057
  40. Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., Luo, K., & Shahid, M. Z. (2020). Hydrochemical characteristics and a health risk assessment of the use of river water and groundwater as drinking sources in a rural area in Jiangjin District, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(7), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-8900-1