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Abstract
Environmental monitoring of a particular locality is very important because it has become a serious threat to human beings.The levels of benzene, toluene and xylene of Rohtak (one of the districts of Haryana) were monitored by Passive sampling method. The air samples collected from six different sites using thermal desorption tube were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID). Among all the selected sites, levels of benzene were found maximum at petrol pump as compared to the residential site, traffic intersection and industrial area. During winter season the BTX level was higher (Benzene: 4.3, 16.5, 12.2, 7.6, 22.3 and 15.6 µg/m3, Toluene: 16.3, 56.2, 30.9, 40.8, 55.5 and 50.2 µg/m3, Xylene: 6.3, 9.6, 8.5, 8.9, 9.2 and 8.4 µg/m3) as compared to summer (Benzene: 4.0, 12.6, 8.5, 8.8, 12.3 and 10.8 µg/m3, Toluene: 38.2, 53.1, 39.8, 42.6, 49.6 and 47.2 µg/m3 xylene: 2.3, 8.4, 6.8, 8.0, 7.5 and 5.4 µg/m3) and monsoon (Benzene: 2.3, 7.2, 5.6, 6.0, 7.0 and 7.4 µg/m3, Toluene: 5.0, 24.0, 14.5, 16.3, 24.8 and 24.6 µg/m3, Xylene: 1.8, 6.6, 4.2, 6.3, 6.6 and 6.4 µg/m3) seasons among all the sites. The levels of toluene were observed three times higher (50.2 µg/m3) than the benzene (15.6 µg/m3). The benzene level at petrol pump, industrial area and traffic intersection were observed higher than the standard values.
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References
- Berite, M.W., 1983. Measurements of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene in urban area. Atmospheric Environment, 17: 1713-1722.
- Bruinen de Bruin, Y., Koistinen, K., Kephalopoulos, S., Geiss, O., Tirendi, S. and Kotzias, D., 2008. Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union: comparison of measured and modelled exposure data. Environmental science and pollution research international 15(5): 417-430.
- Deole, S., Phadke, K.M. and Kumar, A. 2004. Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) pollution in ambient air: a case study. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 46(1): 15-20.
- Esplugues, A., Ballester, F., Estarlich, M., Llop, S., Fuentes-Leonarte, V., Mantilla, E. and Iniguez, C., 2010. Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of BTEX and determinantsin a cohort of one-year old children in Valencia, Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 409(1): 63-69.
- Kerchich, Y. and Kerbachi, R., 2012. Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and xylene) levels at urban and semirural areas of Algiers City using passive air samplers. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 62(12): 1370-1379.
- Lan, Q., Zhang, L.G., Lan, Q., Zhang, L., Li, G., Vermeulen, R., Weinberg, R.S., Dosemeci, M., Rappaport, S.M., Shen, M., Alter, B.P., Wu, Y., Kopp, W., Waidyanatha, S., Rabkin, C., Guo, W., Chanock, S., Hayes, R.B., Linet, M., Kim, S., Yin, S., Rothman, N., Smith, M.T., 2004. Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene. Science, 306: 1774–1776.
- National ambient air quality standards. 2009. CPCB Delhi
- Saxena, P. and Ghosh, C., 2012. A review of assessment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) concentration in urban atmosphere of Delhi. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 7(6): 850 – 860.
- Schnatter, A.R., Rosamilia, K. and Wojcik, N.C., 2005. Review of the literature on benzene exposure and leukemia subtypes. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 153–154: 9–21.
- Squillace, P.J., Pankow, J.F., Korte, N.E., and Zogorski, J.S., 1997. Review of the environmental behaviour and fate of methyl tert-butyl ether. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16: 1836-1844.
- Srivastava, P.K., Pandit, G.G., Sharma, S. and Rao, A.M., 2000. Volatile organic compounds in indoor environments in Mumbai, India. The Science of the Total Environment. 225(1-3): 161-168.
- Tyagi, S.K., 2004. BTX profile of fugitive emissions & ambient air at Panipat oil refinery. Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, 4 (1): 51-60.
- Tyagi, S.K., Kamyotra, J.S., Makhijani, S.D., Sengupta, B. and Henschel, P., 1999. Benzene monitoring in urban environment, “Proceedings of New millennium Conference on Retrospect of Indian Research on Environmental Pollution”: Focus 21st century, Environmental Monitoring Training and Research Centre( EMTRAC), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) & National Research Development Corporation(NRDC), New Delhi, pp: 15.
- Villanueva, F., Notario, A., Adame, J.A., Millán, M.C., Mabilia, R. and Albaladejo, J., 2013. A preliminary study on ambient levels of carbonyls, benzene, toluene and xylene in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula (Huelva coast), Spain. Environmental Technology, 34(1-4): 289-299.
References
Berite, M.W., 1983. Measurements of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene in urban area. Atmospheric Environment, 17: 1713-1722.
Bruinen de Bruin, Y., Koistinen, K., Kephalopoulos, S., Geiss, O., Tirendi, S. and Kotzias, D., 2008. Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union: comparison of measured and modelled exposure data. Environmental science and pollution research international 15(5): 417-430.
Deole, S., Phadke, K.M. and Kumar, A. 2004. Benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) pollution in ambient air: a case study. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 46(1): 15-20.
Esplugues, A., Ballester, F., Estarlich, M., Llop, S., Fuentes-Leonarte, V., Mantilla, E. and Iniguez, C., 2010. Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of BTEX and determinantsin a cohort of one-year old children in Valencia, Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 409(1): 63-69.
Kerchich, Y. and Kerbachi, R., 2012. Measurement of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethybenzene, and xylene) levels at urban and semirural areas of Algiers City using passive air samplers. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 62(12): 1370-1379.
Lan, Q., Zhang, L.G., Lan, Q., Zhang, L., Li, G., Vermeulen, R., Weinberg, R.S., Dosemeci, M., Rappaport, S.M., Shen, M., Alter, B.P., Wu, Y., Kopp, W., Waidyanatha, S., Rabkin, C., Guo, W., Chanock, S., Hayes, R.B., Linet, M., Kim, S., Yin, S., Rothman, N., Smith, M.T., 2004. Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene. Science, 306: 1774–1776.
National ambient air quality standards. 2009. CPCB Delhi
Saxena, P. and Ghosh, C., 2012. A review of assessment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) concentration in urban atmosphere of Delhi. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 7(6): 850 – 860.
Schnatter, A.R., Rosamilia, K. and Wojcik, N.C., 2005. Review of the literature on benzene exposure and leukemia subtypes. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 153–154: 9–21.
Squillace, P.J., Pankow, J.F., Korte, N.E., and Zogorski, J.S., 1997. Review of the environmental behaviour and fate of methyl tert-butyl ether. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16: 1836-1844.
Srivastava, P.K., Pandit, G.G., Sharma, S. and Rao, A.M., 2000. Volatile organic compounds in indoor environments in Mumbai, India. The Science of the Total Environment. 225(1-3): 161-168.
Tyagi, S.K., 2004. BTX profile of fugitive emissions & ambient air at Panipat oil refinery. Indian Journal of Air Pollution Control, 4 (1): 51-60.
Tyagi, S.K., Kamyotra, J.S., Makhijani, S.D., Sengupta, B. and Henschel, P., 1999. Benzene monitoring in urban environment, “Proceedings of New millennium Conference on Retrospect of Indian Research on Environmental Pollution”: Focus 21st century, Environmental Monitoring Training and Research Centre( EMTRAC), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) & National Research Development Corporation(NRDC), New Delhi, pp: 15.
Villanueva, F., Notario, A., Adame, J.A., Millán, M.C., Mabilia, R. and Albaladejo, J., 2013. A preliminary study on ambient levels of carbonyls, benzene, toluene and xylene in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula (Huelva coast), Spain. Environmental Technology, 34(1-4): 289-299.