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Abstract
Corneal scrapings and tear drop of 90 patients with suspected cases of keratitis and eye infection attending the Govt. Hospital and rural areas patients of Lucknow city were screened for amoebic pathogens including Acanthamoeba. Of these, 6 (6.66percent) were positive for Acanthamoeba, which fulfilled the criteria for suspecting Acanthamoeba keratitis. These were distributed among all ages with the maximum numbers in the 20-45 year age group. None of the patients were using contact lenses and were mostly agricultural labourers and had recent history of swimming in ponds and river and also associated with water sports. The predisposing factor found in this study was trauma of varying degrees. The result of present study confirmed that Amphizoic amoebae colonized almost every conceivable aquatic habitat. This is alarming signal that shows presence of Amphizoic amoebae. Incidences of infection during warm season have been traced in patients suffering from eye infection. Preventive measures include public awareness and maintenance of water body and adequate chlorination.
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References
- Ahmad, K., Dil, A.S., Ahmad, I., Hussain, S. and Lakhnana, N.A. 2007. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Report of a case. International Journal of Pathology.5 (1): 34-36
- Ahmad Al-Herrawy, Mahmoud Bahgat, Abd-Elhafez Mohammed,Ameen Ashour and WafaaHikal 2014. Acanthamoeba species in swimming pools of Cairo, Egypt. Iranian J. ParasitolVol. 9, No. 2, pp. 194-201.
- Anisah, N., Yusof, S., Wan Norliana, A., Noraina, A.R. and Norhayati, M. 2004. Acanthamoebasp. Isolated from salt water in the west coast of peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine. 21(1): 109-111.
- Carter, R.F. 1968. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: clinical, pathological and epidemiological features of six fatal cases. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology.96:1-5.
- Chynn, E.W., Talamo, J.H. and Seligman, M.S. 1997.Acanthamoeba keratitis: is water exposure a true risk factor? CLAO Journal 23(1): 55-56.
- Culbertson, C.G., Ensminger, P.W. and Overton, W.M. 1972. Amoebic cellulocutaneous invasion by Naegleriaaerobia with generalized visceral lesions after subcutaneous inoculation: an experimental study in guinea pig. Am.J.Clin.Patj. 57:375-386.
- De Jonckheere, J.F. 2003. Epidemiological typing of Acanthamoeba keratitis isolated from keratitis cases in Belgium. Bull. Soc. Belg. Ophthalmol.287: 27-33.
- Elmeya H. Safar 2010. Involvement of the eye with Acanthamoeba.JASMR, 5(2): 191-198.
- Hammersmith K.M. 2006. Diagnosis and management of Acanthamoeba keratitis. CurrOpinOphthalmol. 17:327–331.
- Kamel, A.G.M., Saleba, Anisah Nordin, Yusof Suboh, Norhayati Moktar and Norazah 2004. Isolation of Acanthamoeba spp. Daripadapersekitaranakuatik. Prosiding Simposium Sains Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke 5, Marriot Putrajaya, 25-26 Mei, 497-501.
- Kaushal, V., Chhina, D.K., Ram, S., Singh, G., Kaushal, R.K. and Kumar, R. 2008. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis due to Naegleriafowleri. JAPI,vol. 56.
- Khan, N.A. and Paget, T.A. 2002. Molecular tools for speciation and Epidemiological studies of Acanthamoeba. Current Micro.44: 444-449.
- Khan, N.A (2003). Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba infections. Micob. Pathog. 34, 277-285.
- Kilvington, S., Gray, T., Dart, J., Morlwt,N., Beeching, J.R., Frazer, D.G. and Matheson, M. 2004. Acanthamoeba keratitis The role of domestic tap water contamination in the United Kingdom. Invest. Opthamol. Vis. Sci. 45:165-169.
- Kilvington, S., Larkin, D.F.P., White, D.G. and Beeching, J.R. 1990. Laboratory investigation of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J. Clin. Microbiol.28: 2722-2725.
- Kirwood, B.J. 2007. Acanthamoeba keratitis; an overview. The Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses, Ind.Vol. XXXII, No.3,16-20.
- Levine, N.D.,Corless, J.O.,Cox, F.E.G., Deroux,G., Grain,J., Honigberg,B.M., Leedale,G.F., Loeblick, A.R., Lom,j., Lynn, D., Merinfeld, E.G.,Page,F.C.,Polijansky, G.,Sprague,V.,Vavra,J. Andwallance, F.C.1980. A newly revised classification of the protozoa. J.Protozool.27:37-58.
- Mafi M., Niyyati M., and Haghighi A. 2014. Evaluation of Acanthamoeba species from Tehran surface water sources using Real Time PCR Method. International Conference on Food Biological and Medical Sciences (FBMS-2014), Bangkok (Thailand): 69-71.
- Maraciano-cabral, F.R., Puffenbarger, R. And Carbal, G.A. 2000. The increasing importance of Acanthamoebainfection.J. Eukaryot. Microbiol.47: 29-36.
- Parija, S.C., Shiv Prakash, M.R., Rao, V.A. and Vellaniparambil, R.J. 2001.Acanthamoeba keratitis in Pondichery.J. Comun. Dis. 33(2): 126-129.
- Pisani, F., Costa, C., Oteri, G. And Loli, A. 2003. Identification of amoebae in the CSF in a patient with memningoencephalitis.Journal of Neurosurgeryand psychiatry, 74: 1445-1446.
- Rai R., Singh, D.K., Srivastava, A.K. and Bhargava, A. 2008. A case report of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.Indian Pediatrics. 1004, vol. 45
- Sadaka, H.A., El-nassery, S.F., Abou, Samra, L.M. and Awadalla, H.N. 1994. Isolation and identification of free-living amoebae from some water sources in Alexandria. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 24: 247-257.
- Schroeder, J.M., Booton, C.G., Ingrid, J.H.I., David, S.V., Markus, B.M., Fuerst, A.P. and Byers, J.T. 2001. Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoeba from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(5): 1903-1911.
- Siddiqui, R.and Khan, N.A 2012.Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthampeba.Parasites and Vectors.5:6.doi:10.11861, 1756-3305-5-6.
- Sharma, A.K., Sharma, U.D. and Singh, S. 2000. First case of Acanthamoeba keratitis in a contact lens wearer from India.Biol. Memoirs. 26(2): 44-47.
- Shenoy, S., Godwin.W, Prashanth, H.V., Vidyalakshmi, K., Dhanashree, B. And Bharath, R. 2002. Primary Meningoencephalitis by Naegleriafowleri; first reported case from Mangalore, South India. J.Clin.Microbiol.40 (1):309-310.
- Shoff M, Rogerson A, Schatz S, Seal D. 2007 Variable responses of Acanthamoeba strains to three multipurpose lens cleaning solutions.Optom Vis Sci.84:202–207.
- Shoff ME, Rogerson A, Kessler K, Schatz S, Seal DV. 2008 Prevalence of Acanthamoeba and other naked amoebae in South Florida domestic water.J Water Health. 6:99–104.
- Singh, B.N. 1985. Free living soil amoebae as human pathogen. Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. B 51(3):297-312.
- Singh, B.N. and Hanumaiah, V. 1979. Studies on pathogenic and nonpathogenic amoebae and the bearing of nuclear division and locomotive form and behaviour on the classification of order Amoebida. Monograph No.1 of the Association of Microbiologist of India. Indian J. Microbiol.1-80.
- Stehr-Green, J.K., Bailey, T.M. and Visveavara, G.S. 1989.The epidemiology of Acanthamoebakeratitis in the Unites States.Am. J. Ophthalmol. 107:331-336.
- Visvesvara, G.S 2010. Free-living Amoebae as opportunistic Agents of Human Disease. Journal of Neuroparasitology.Vol. (1), Article IDN 100802, 1-13.
References
Ahmad, K., Dil, A.S., Ahmad, I., Hussain, S. and Lakhnana, N.A. 2007. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Report of a case. International Journal of Pathology.5 (1): 34-36
Ahmad Al-Herrawy, Mahmoud Bahgat, Abd-Elhafez Mohammed,Ameen Ashour and WafaaHikal 2014. Acanthamoeba species in swimming pools of Cairo, Egypt. Iranian J. ParasitolVol. 9, No. 2, pp. 194-201.
Anisah, N., Yusof, S., Wan Norliana, A., Noraina, A.R. and Norhayati, M. 2004. Acanthamoebasp. Isolated from salt water in the west coast of peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine. 21(1): 109-111.
Carter, R.F. 1968. Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: clinical, pathological and epidemiological features of six fatal cases. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology.96:1-5.
Chynn, E.W., Talamo, J.H. and Seligman, M.S. 1997.Acanthamoeba keratitis: is water exposure a true risk factor? CLAO Journal 23(1): 55-56.
Culbertson, C.G., Ensminger, P.W. and Overton, W.M. 1972. Amoebic cellulocutaneous invasion by Naegleriaaerobia with generalized visceral lesions after subcutaneous inoculation: an experimental study in guinea pig. Am.J.Clin.Patj. 57:375-386.
De Jonckheere, J.F. 2003. Epidemiological typing of Acanthamoeba keratitis isolated from keratitis cases in Belgium. Bull. Soc. Belg. Ophthalmol.287: 27-33.
Elmeya H. Safar 2010. Involvement of the eye with Acanthamoeba.JASMR, 5(2): 191-198.
Hammersmith K.M. 2006. Diagnosis and management of Acanthamoeba keratitis. CurrOpinOphthalmol. 17:327–331.
Kamel, A.G.M., Saleba, Anisah Nordin, Yusof Suboh, Norhayati Moktar and Norazah 2004. Isolation of Acanthamoeba spp. Daripadapersekitaranakuatik. Prosiding Simposium Sains Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke 5, Marriot Putrajaya, 25-26 Mei, 497-501.
Kaushal, V., Chhina, D.K., Ram, S., Singh, G., Kaushal, R.K. and Kumar, R. 2008. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis due to Naegleriafowleri. JAPI,vol. 56.
Khan, N.A. and Paget, T.A. 2002. Molecular tools for speciation and Epidemiological studies of Acanthamoeba. Current Micro.44: 444-449.
Khan, N.A (2003). Pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba infections. Micob. Pathog. 34, 277-285.
Kilvington, S., Gray, T., Dart, J., Morlwt,N., Beeching, J.R., Frazer, D.G. and Matheson, M. 2004. Acanthamoeba keratitis The role of domestic tap water contamination in the United Kingdom. Invest. Opthamol. Vis. Sci. 45:165-169.
Kilvington, S., Larkin, D.F.P., White, D.G. and Beeching, J.R. 1990. Laboratory investigation of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J. Clin. Microbiol.28: 2722-2725.
Kirwood, B.J. 2007. Acanthamoeba keratitis; an overview. The Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses, Ind.Vol. XXXII, No.3,16-20.
Levine, N.D.,Corless, J.O.,Cox, F.E.G., Deroux,G., Grain,J., Honigberg,B.M., Leedale,G.F., Loeblick, A.R., Lom,j., Lynn, D., Merinfeld, E.G.,Page,F.C.,Polijansky, G.,Sprague,V.,Vavra,J. Andwallance, F.C.1980. A newly revised classification of the protozoa. J.Protozool.27:37-58.
Mafi M., Niyyati M., and Haghighi A. 2014. Evaluation of Acanthamoeba species from Tehran surface water sources using Real Time PCR Method. International Conference on Food Biological and Medical Sciences (FBMS-2014), Bangkok (Thailand): 69-71.
Maraciano-cabral, F.R., Puffenbarger, R. And Carbal, G.A. 2000. The increasing importance of Acanthamoebainfection.J. Eukaryot. Microbiol.47: 29-36.
Parija, S.C., Shiv Prakash, M.R., Rao, V.A. and Vellaniparambil, R.J. 2001.Acanthamoeba keratitis in Pondichery.J. Comun. Dis. 33(2): 126-129.
Pisani, F., Costa, C., Oteri, G. And Loli, A. 2003. Identification of amoebae in the CSF in a patient with memningoencephalitis.Journal of Neurosurgeryand psychiatry, 74: 1445-1446.
Rai R., Singh, D.K., Srivastava, A.K. and Bhargava, A. 2008. A case report of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis.Indian Pediatrics. 1004, vol. 45
Sadaka, H.A., El-nassery, S.F., Abou, Samra, L.M. and Awadalla, H.N. 1994. Isolation and identification of free-living amoebae from some water sources in Alexandria. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 24: 247-257.
Schroeder, J.M., Booton, C.G., Ingrid, J.H.I., David, S.V., Markus, B.M., Fuerst, A.P. and Byers, J.T. 2001. Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype identification of Acanthamoeba from humans with keratitis and from sewage sludge. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39(5): 1903-1911.
Siddiqui, R.and Khan, N.A 2012.Biology and pathogenesis of Acanthampeba.Parasites and Vectors.5:6.doi:10.11861, 1756-3305-5-6.
Sharma, A.K., Sharma, U.D. and Singh, S. 2000. First case of Acanthamoeba keratitis in a contact lens wearer from India.Biol. Memoirs. 26(2): 44-47.
Shenoy, S., Godwin.W, Prashanth, H.V., Vidyalakshmi, K., Dhanashree, B. And Bharath, R. 2002. Primary Meningoencephalitis by Naegleriafowleri; first reported case from Mangalore, South India. J.Clin.Microbiol.40 (1):309-310.
Shoff M, Rogerson A, Schatz S, Seal D. 2007 Variable responses of Acanthamoeba strains to three multipurpose lens cleaning solutions.Optom Vis Sci.84:202–207.
Shoff ME, Rogerson A, Kessler K, Schatz S, Seal DV. 2008 Prevalence of Acanthamoeba and other naked amoebae in South Florida domestic water.J Water Health. 6:99–104.
Singh, B.N. 1985. Free living soil amoebae as human pathogen. Proc. Indian Natn. Sci. Acad. B 51(3):297-312.
Singh, B.N. and Hanumaiah, V. 1979. Studies on pathogenic and nonpathogenic amoebae and the bearing of nuclear division and locomotive form and behaviour on the classification of order Amoebida. Monograph No.1 of the Association of Microbiologist of India. Indian J. Microbiol.1-80.
Stehr-Green, J.K., Bailey, T.M. and Visveavara, G.S. 1989.The epidemiology of Acanthamoebakeratitis in the Unites States.Am. J. Ophthalmol. 107:331-336.
Visvesvara, G.S 2010. Free-living Amoebae as opportunistic Agents of Human Disease. Journal of Neuroparasitology.Vol. (1), Article IDN 100802, 1-13.