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Abstract
Virola surinamensis is a dioecious timber species of Amazonian floodplain forests. It is threatened by extinction and a priority species in the conservation program of genetic resources with high economic value for Brazil. The present study was aimed to assess the population structure of Virola surinamensis and the impact of logging in the estuary region of Brazilian Amazonia. Our data suggest that altering the dioecious population structure by logging likely creates the imbalance of male and female individuals in the population. New policies are needed to protect Virola trees with a special regard on reproductive matriarch trees.
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References
- Ackerly, D.D., Rankin-de-Merona, J.M. and Rodrigues, W.A., 1990. Tree densities and sex ratios in breeding populations of dioecious Central Amazonian Myristicaceae. Journal of Tropical Ecology,6:239-248.
- Almeida, S.S., Amaral, D.D. and Silva, A.S.L.,2004.Análise florística e estrutura de florestas de Várzea no estuário amazônico. Acta Amazonica,34:513-524.
- Barreto, P., Amaral, P., Vidal, E. andUhl, C.,1998. Costs and benefits of forest management for timber production in eastern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 99:1-19.
- Bawa, K.S., 1980. Evolution of dioecy in flowering plants. Ann Rev EcolEvol Syst11:15-39.
- Bawa, K.S., Perry, D.R. and Beach, J.H.,1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest trees. I. Sexual systems and incompatibility mechanisms. American Journal of Botany,72:331-345.
- Bullock, S.H.,1985. Breeding systems in the flora of a tropical dioecious forest. Biotropica, 17:287-301.
- Brasil, 1996.Suspende as autorizações e concessões para exploração das espécies Mogno e Virola na região amazônica pelo período de dois anos. In: Decreto No 1963, de 25 de julho de 1996. Brasília, DF.
- Deggen, B., Blanc, L., Caron, H., Maggia, L., Kremer, A. andGourlet-Fleury, S. 2008. Impact of selective logging on genetic composition and demographic structure of four tropical tree species. Biological Conservation, 131:386-401.
- Ferreira, L.V. and Parolin, P., 2007.Tree phenology in Central Amazonian floodplain forests: effects of annual water level fluctuation at community and population level.Pesquisas Botanica, 58: 139-156.
- Ferreira, L.V.,Venticinque. E. And Almeida, S. S.,2005. O desmatamento na Amazônia e a importância das áreas protegidas.Estudos Avançados, 19:157-166.
- Forget, P.M. andJansen, P., 2007.Hunting increases dispersal limitation in the tree Carapa procera, a nontimber forest product.Conservation Biology,21:106-113.
- Fortini, L.B. andZarin, D.J., 2011. Population dynamics of Amazon tidal floodplain forests: Links to the past, present and Management, 261:551-561.
- Gama, J.R.V., Bentes-Gama, M.M. and Scolforo, J.R.S., 2005. Manejo sustentado para floresta de várzea na amazônia oriental. Revista Árvore, 29:719-729.
- Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis IBAMA, 2008. Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção. In: Instrução Normativa Nº 6, de 23 de setembro de 2008. 52 p. http//www.ibama.gov.br/documentos/lista-de-especies-ameacadas-de-extincao .
- Jardim, M.A.G. andMota, C.G., 2007. Biologia floral de Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb (Myristicaceae). Revista Árvore, 31:1155-1162.
- Kurtz, B.C. andAraújo, D.S.D., 2000. Composição florística e estrutura do componente arbóreo de um trecho de Mata Atlântica na Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rodriguésia, 51:69-111.
- Leite, H.G., Gama, J.R.V., Cruz, J.P., Souza, E.S. and Lopes, A., 2006. Função de afilamento para Virola surinamensis (Roll.) Warb.Revista Árvore, 30:99-106.
- Limas, J.D., Silva, B.M. andMoraes, W.S., 2007. Germinação e armazenamento de sementes de Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. (Myristicaceae).Revista Árvore, 31:37-42.
- Lindenmayer, D.B., Laurance, W.F. and Franklin, J.F., 2012. Global decline in large old trees. Science, 338:1305-1306.
- Macedo, D.S. and Anderson, A.B., 1993. Early ecological changes associated with logging in an Amazon floodplain. Biotropica, 25:151-163.
- Maeda, J.M., Pires, I.E., Borges, R.C.G. and Cruz, C.D., 2001. Critérios de seleção uni e multivariados no melhoramento genético da Virola surinamensis Warb.Floresta Ambiente, 8:61-69.
- McCune, B. and Mefford, M.J.,1995. Multivariate analysis on the PC-ORD system.Version 2.0. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA.
- Nebel, G. and Meilby, H., 2005.Growth and population structure of timber species in Peruvian Amazon flood plains.Forest Ecology and Management, 215:196-211.
- Opler, P.A. and Bawa, K.S., 1978. Sex ratios in tropical forest trees. Evolution, 32:812-821.
- Parolin, P., Wittmann, F. and Ferreira L.V., 2013.Fruit and seed dispersal in Amazonian floodplain trees – a review. Ecotropica, 19:19-36.
- Peres, C.A. and Roosmalen, M.V., 2002. Primate frugivory in two species-rich Neotropical forests: Implications for the demography of large-seeded plants in overhunted areas. In: Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, eds. D. Levey, W. Silvaand M. Galetti,pp. 407-423. CABI International, Oxford.
- Piña-Rodrigues, F.C.M. and Mota, C.G., 2000. Análise da atividade extrativa de virola (Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb.) no estuário Amazônico. Floresta Ambiente, 7:40-45.
- Redford, K.H., 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience, 42:412-422.
- Rossetto, M., Jones, R. and Hunter, J., 2004. Genetic effects of rainforest fragmentation in an early successional tree (Elaeocarpus grandis). Heredity, 93:610-618.
- Salomão, R.P., Terezo, E.F.M., Rosa, N.A., Ferreira, L.V., Matos,A.H., Adams, M., Amaral, D.D. andMorais, K.A.C., 2007.Manejo florestal na várzea: caracterização, restrições e oportunidades para sua adoção. In: Manejo florestal nas várzeas: oportunidades e desafios, eds. R.P. Salomão,E.F.M. TerezoandM.A.G. Jardim, pp. 11-138, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Coleção Adolpho Ducke), Belém, Brasil.
- Scabin, A.B., Costa, F.R.C. andSchöngart, J., 2011. The spatial distribution of illegal logging in the Anavilhanas archipelago (Central Amazonia) and logging impacts on species. Environment and Conservation, 39:111-121.
- Schöngart, J., 2008. Growth-Oriented Logging (GOL)A new concept towards sustainable forest management in Central Amazonian várzea floodplains. Forest Ecology and Management, 256:46-58.
- Sebbenn, A.M., Degen, B., Azevedo, V.C.R., Silva, M.B., Lacerda, A.E.B, Ciampi, A.Y., Kanashiro, M., Carneiro,F.S., Thompson, I. andLoveless, M.D., 2008. Modelling the long-term impacts of selective logging on genetic diversity and demographic structure of four tropical tree species in the Amazon forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 254:335-349.
- Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente do Pará (SEMA), 2007.Lista de espécies da flora e da fauna ameaçadas no Estado do Pará. In: Resolução COEMA nº 54, de 24/10/2007.
- Silva, M.B., Kanashiro, M., Ciampi, A.Y., Thompson, I. andSebbenn, A.M., 2008. Genetic effects of selective logging and pollen gene flow in a low-density population of the dioecious tropical tree Bagassaguianensis in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 255:1548-1558.
- Sousa, V.A., Sebbenn, A.M., Hattemer, H. andZiehe, M., 2005. Correlated matingin populations of a dioecious Brazilian conifer, Araucaria angustifolia(Bert.) O. Ktze. Forest Genetics, 12:107-119.
- Zar, J.H., 2010.Biostatistical Analysis.Fifth Ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
References
Ackerly, D.D., Rankin-de-Merona, J.M. and Rodrigues, W.A., 1990. Tree densities and sex ratios in breeding populations of dioecious Central Amazonian Myristicaceae. Journal of Tropical Ecology,6:239-248.
Almeida, S.S., Amaral, D.D. and Silva, A.S.L.,2004.Análise florística e estrutura de florestas de Várzea no estuário amazônico. Acta Amazonica,34:513-524.
Barreto, P., Amaral, P., Vidal, E. andUhl, C.,1998. Costs and benefits of forest management for timber production in eastern Amazonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 99:1-19.
Bawa, K.S., 1980. Evolution of dioecy in flowering plants. Ann Rev EcolEvol Syst11:15-39.
Bawa, K.S., Perry, D.R. and Beach, J.H.,1985. Reproductive biology of tropical lowland rain forest trees. I. Sexual systems and incompatibility mechanisms. American Journal of Botany,72:331-345.
Bullock, S.H.,1985. Breeding systems in the flora of a tropical dioecious forest. Biotropica, 17:287-301.
Brasil, 1996.Suspende as autorizações e concessões para exploração das espécies Mogno e Virola na região amazônica pelo período de dois anos. In: Decreto No 1963, de 25 de julho de 1996. Brasília, DF.
Deggen, B., Blanc, L., Caron, H., Maggia, L., Kremer, A. andGourlet-Fleury, S. 2008. Impact of selective logging on genetic composition and demographic structure of four tropical tree species. Biological Conservation, 131:386-401.
Ferreira, L.V. and Parolin, P., 2007.Tree phenology in Central Amazonian floodplain forests: effects of annual water level fluctuation at community and population level.Pesquisas Botanica, 58: 139-156.
Ferreira, L.V.,Venticinque. E. And Almeida, S. S.,2005. O desmatamento na Amazônia e a importância das áreas protegidas.Estudos Avançados, 19:157-166.
Forget, P.M. andJansen, P., 2007.Hunting increases dispersal limitation in the tree Carapa procera, a nontimber forest product.Conservation Biology,21:106-113.
Fortini, L.B. andZarin, D.J., 2011. Population dynamics of Amazon tidal floodplain forests: Links to the past, present and Management, 261:551-561.
Gama, J.R.V., Bentes-Gama, M.M. and Scolforo, J.R.S., 2005. Manejo sustentado para floresta de várzea na amazônia oriental. Revista Árvore, 29:719-729.
Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis IBAMA, 2008. Lista Oficial das Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção. In: Instrução Normativa Nº 6, de 23 de setembro de 2008. 52 p. http//www.ibama.gov.br/documentos/lista-de-especies-ameacadas-de-extincao .
Jardim, M.A.G. andMota, C.G., 2007. Biologia floral de Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb (Myristicaceae). Revista Árvore, 31:1155-1162.
Kurtz, B.C. andAraújo, D.S.D., 2000. Composição florística e estrutura do componente arbóreo de um trecho de Mata Atlântica na Estação Ecológica Estadual do Paraíso, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rodriguésia, 51:69-111.
Leite, H.G., Gama, J.R.V., Cruz, J.P., Souza, E.S. and Lopes, A., 2006. Função de afilamento para Virola surinamensis (Roll.) Warb.Revista Árvore, 30:99-106.
Limas, J.D., Silva, B.M. andMoraes, W.S., 2007. Germinação e armazenamento de sementes de Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb. (Myristicaceae).Revista Árvore, 31:37-42.
Lindenmayer, D.B., Laurance, W.F. and Franklin, J.F., 2012. Global decline in large old trees. Science, 338:1305-1306.
Macedo, D.S. and Anderson, A.B., 1993. Early ecological changes associated with logging in an Amazon floodplain. Biotropica, 25:151-163.
Maeda, J.M., Pires, I.E., Borges, R.C.G. and Cruz, C.D., 2001. Critérios de seleção uni e multivariados no melhoramento genético da Virola surinamensis Warb.Floresta Ambiente, 8:61-69.
McCune, B. and Mefford, M.J.,1995. Multivariate analysis on the PC-ORD system.Version 2.0. MjM Software, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, USA.
Nebel, G. and Meilby, H., 2005.Growth and population structure of timber species in Peruvian Amazon flood plains.Forest Ecology and Management, 215:196-211.
Opler, P.A. and Bawa, K.S., 1978. Sex ratios in tropical forest trees. Evolution, 32:812-821.
Parolin, P., Wittmann, F. and Ferreira L.V., 2013.Fruit and seed dispersal in Amazonian floodplain trees – a review. Ecotropica, 19:19-36.
Peres, C.A. and Roosmalen, M.V., 2002. Primate frugivory in two species-rich Neotropical forests: Implications for the demography of large-seeded plants in overhunted areas. In: Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, eds. D. Levey, W. Silvaand M. Galetti,pp. 407-423. CABI International, Oxford.
Piña-Rodrigues, F.C.M. and Mota, C.G., 2000. Análise da atividade extrativa de virola (Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb.) no estuário Amazônico. Floresta Ambiente, 7:40-45.
Redford, K.H., 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience, 42:412-422.
Rossetto, M., Jones, R. and Hunter, J., 2004. Genetic effects of rainforest fragmentation in an early successional tree (Elaeocarpus grandis). Heredity, 93:610-618.
Salomão, R.P., Terezo, E.F.M., Rosa, N.A., Ferreira, L.V., Matos,A.H., Adams, M., Amaral, D.D. andMorais, K.A.C., 2007.Manejo florestal na várzea: caracterização, restrições e oportunidades para sua adoção. In: Manejo florestal nas várzeas: oportunidades e desafios, eds. R.P. Salomão,E.F.M. TerezoandM.A.G. Jardim, pp. 11-138, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Coleção Adolpho Ducke), Belém, Brasil.
Scabin, A.B., Costa, F.R.C. andSchöngart, J., 2011. The spatial distribution of illegal logging in the Anavilhanas archipelago (Central Amazonia) and logging impacts on species. Environment and Conservation, 39:111-121.
Schöngart, J., 2008. Growth-Oriented Logging (GOL)A new concept towards sustainable forest management in Central Amazonian várzea floodplains. Forest Ecology and Management, 256:46-58.
Sebbenn, A.M., Degen, B., Azevedo, V.C.R., Silva, M.B., Lacerda, A.E.B, Ciampi, A.Y., Kanashiro, M., Carneiro,F.S., Thompson, I. andLoveless, M.D., 2008. Modelling the long-term impacts of selective logging on genetic diversity and demographic structure of four tropical tree species in the Amazon forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 254:335-349.
Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente do Pará (SEMA), 2007.Lista de espécies da flora e da fauna ameaçadas no Estado do Pará. In: Resolução COEMA nº 54, de 24/10/2007.
Silva, M.B., Kanashiro, M., Ciampi, A.Y., Thompson, I. andSebbenn, A.M., 2008. Genetic effects of selective logging and pollen gene flow in a low-density population of the dioecious tropical tree Bagassaguianensis in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 255:1548-1558.
Sousa, V.A., Sebbenn, A.M., Hattemer, H. andZiehe, M., 2005. Correlated matingin populations of a dioecious Brazilian conifer, Araucaria angustifolia(Bert.) O. Ktze. Forest Genetics, 12:107-119.
Zar, J.H., 2010.Biostatistical Analysis.Fifth Ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.