Main Article Content
Abstract
Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) is an important, high-value cash crop and main livelihood support for people in Sikkim. Till 2003–2004, India was considered the largest producer of large cardamom in the world, and the state of Sikkim alone contributed up to 88% of India's total production. However, since 2004, over 60% of the cardamom plantations in the Sikkim state have experienced minimal productivity, leading to a significant decrease in both area and productivity. Due to factors such as climate change, pests and diseases, market prices, and traditional farming practices in India, Nepal now holds the title of being the world's leading producer. Under such an arena, the present study was conducted with the objective to identify the constraints faced by the farmers in large cardamom cultivation. This study was conducted in Sikkim state, which was selected purposively. A total of 50 respondents were selected randomly, and data was collected with a structured interview schedule. The study revealed that the growers ranked various types of constraints with mean scores of 3.38, 3.48, 3.46, 4.00, 3.70, 3.84, 3.32, 3.54, 4.54, 4.00, and 3.38. Overall, the growers faced a mean score of 3.98 for all constraints. The adoption of micropropagation was one of the major areas where the growers were facing problems. The study highlights the need for awareness and technical guidance for large cardamom growers to improve quality, productivity, and livelihood. Implementing feasible, environmentally, economically, and socially acceptable technologies is crucial.
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References
- Adhikari, P. P. (2016). Cardamom cultivation technology. Agriculture Information and Communication Center, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur, Nepal.
- Ashokkumar, K., Vellaikumar, S., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Ariharasutharsan, G., Aiswarya, S & Karthikeyan, A. (2021). Essential oil profile diversity in cardamom accessions from southern India. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5: 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.639619
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- Bhutia, S. G., Upadhyay, S., Pradhan, A & Sharma, L. (2022). Composition of essential oils from four major cultivars of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) grown in Sikkim. J. Appl. Hortic., 24(1), 121-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.23
- Partap, U., Sharma, G., Gurung, M. B., Chettri, N & Sharma, E. (2014). Large Cardamom Farming in Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions in the Sikkim Himalayas. ICIMOD Working Paper 2014/2. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53055/ICIMOD.592
- Pradhan, D., Kumari, G & Kalyan, K. D. (2023). Production and Problems in Large Cardamom Cultivation in the Sub- Himalayan Region of West Bengal. International Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 12(8), 22-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1208.004
- Sarkar, S., Gurung, N., Nayak, D., Meena, R & Singh, B. (2017). Large Cardamom Cultivation-A Review. J. Agric. Eng. Food. Technol., 4(1): 78-81.
- Sharma G, Sharma R & Sharma E. (2009). Traditional knowledge systems in large cardamom farming: Biophysical and management diversity in Indian mountainous regions. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl., 8(1), 17–22.
- Sharma, E., Sharma, R., Singh, K. K & Sharma, G. (2000). A boon for mountain populations: Large cardamom farming in the Sikkim Himalaya. Mt. Res. Dev., 20(2), 108–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0108:ABFMP]2.0.CO;2
- Shohe, A. T & Roy, A. (2018). Economics and Constraints of Large Cardamom Cultivation in Zunheboto District of Nagaland. Econ. Aff., 63(4), 839-842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/0424-2513.4.2018.7
- Tangjang, A & Sharma, A. (2018). Problem Faced by the Large Cardamom Growers during Production and Marketing: A Case Study of Tirap District of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7(5), 2561-2573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.295
- Utpala, P., Viiayan, A. K & Nirmal, B. (2015). Large cardamom-a spatial appraisal. Indian J. Arecanut, Spices and Med. Plants., 16(4), 56-65.
- Vijiyan, A. K., Deka T. N., Gudade, B. A., Jayaram, B. M & Bhattarai, N. K. (2013). Training Programme on Large Cardamom Production for Dzongu farmers, Indian Cardamom Research Institute (ICRI), Spices Board, Tadong, Sikkim.
References
Adhikari, P. P. (2016). Cardamom cultivation technology. Agriculture Information and Communication Center, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur, Nepal.
Ashokkumar, K., Vellaikumar, S., Murugan, M., Dhanya, M. K., Ariharasutharsan, G., Aiswarya, S & Karthikeyan, A. (2021). Essential oil profile diversity in cardamom accessions from southern India. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5: 1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.639619
Bhattarai, N. K., Deka, T. N., Chhetri, P., Harsha, K. N & Gupta,U. (2013). Livelihood improvement through sustainable largecardamom cultivation in North Sikkim. Int. J. of Sci Res Publi, 3(5), 1-4
Bhutia, S. G., Upadhyay, S., Pradhan, A & Sharma, L. (2022). Composition of essential oils from four major cultivars of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) grown in Sikkim. J. Appl. Hortic., 24(1), 121-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2022.v24i01.23
Partap, U., Sharma, G., Gurung, M. B., Chettri, N & Sharma, E. (2014). Large Cardamom Farming in Changing Climatic and Socioeconomic Conditions in the Sikkim Himalayas. ICIMOD Working Paper 2014/2. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53055/ICIMOD.592
Pradhan, D., Kumari, G & Kalyan, K. D. (2023). Production and Problems in Large Cardamom Cultivation in the Sub- Himalayan Region of West Bengal. International Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 12(8), 22-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1208.004
Sarkar, S., Gurung, N., Nayak, D., Meena, R & Singh, B. (2017). Large Cardamom Cultivation-A Review. J. Agric. Eng. Food. Technol., 4(1): 78-81.
Sharma G, Sharma R & Sharma E. (2009). Traditional knowledge systems in large cardamom farming: Biophysical and management diversity in Indian mountainous regions. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl., 8(1), 17–22.
Sharma, E., Sharma, R., Singh, K. K & Sharma, G. (2000). A boon for mountain populations: Large cardamom farming in the Sikkim Himalaya. Mt. Res. Dev., 20(2), 108–111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0108:ABFMP]2.0.CO;2
Shohe, A. T & Roy, A. (2018). Economics and Constraints of Large Cardamom Cultivation in Zunheboto District of Nagaland. Econ. Aff., 63(4), 839-842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30954/0424-2513.4.2018.7
Tangjang, A & Sharma, A. (2018). Problem Faced by the Large Cardamom Growers during Production and Marketing: A Case Study of Tirap District of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7(5), 2561-2573 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.295
Utpala, P., Viiayan, A. K & Nirmal, B. (2015). Large cardamom-a spatial appraisal. Indian J. Arecanut, Spices and Med. Plants., 16(4), 56-65.
Vijiyan, A. K., Deka T. N., Gudade, B. A., Jayaram, B. M & Bhattarai, N. K. (2013). Training Programme on Large Cardamom Production for Dzongu farmers, Indian Cardamom Research Institute (ICRI), Spices Board, Tadong, Sikkim.