Article Sidebar

Submitted
April 1, 2024
Accepted
June 20, 2024
Published
August 12, 2024
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 17 Download : 6

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

The present work aims to examine the impact of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) on the developmental trajectory of Catla catla fingerlings. A 90-day feeding experiment was carried out using various concentrations of Ashwagandha, with T0 (0%) serving as the control and T1 (2%), T2 (4%), T3 (6%), and T4 (8%). At the conclusion of the trial period, the T3 (6%) group showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in growth indices including Specific Growth Rate, Feed Conversion Efficiency, and Protein Efficiency Ratio. The intestinal histomorphology of all therapy groups was consistently normal, with no pathological abnormalities. In contrast to the control, the T3 (6%) group exhibited a more pronounced enhancement in villi parameters, particularly in terms of villi height and width. The excretion of orthophosphate (O-PO4) and ammonia (N-NH4) exhibited a uniform pattern in all treatment groups, with relatively low excretion seen in the T3 (6%) group. Post-feeding, the T0 (0%) group had the greatest excretion of ammonia and orthophosphate compared to the groups fed Ashwagandha-supplemented meals. Furthermore, those fed with Ashwagandha showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased activity of several antioxidant enzymes, including Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione S-Transferases (GST), and Reduced Glutathione (GSH), compared to the control. These findings highlight the capacity of Ashwagandha as a dietary supplement to enhance the general health performance of Catla catla fingerlings in aquaculture.


 

Keywords

Ashwagandha Antioxidant Enzymes Catla catla Growth Indices Histomorphology

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Environment Conservation Journal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Author Biographies

Chhomo Thayes, Fish and Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh

Sidharth Chauhan, Fish and Fisheries Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Basharat Ali, Department of Zoology, University of Ladakh, Leh, India

Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Ladakh, 194101, India

How to Cite
Thayes, C., Chauhan, S., Ali, B., & Rawal, Y. K. (2024). Ashwagandha’s (Withania somnifera) potential effects on growth, intestinal histomorphology, and antioxidant enzyme activity in fingerlings of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). Environment Conservation Journal, 25(3), 700–709. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.27822846
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Funding data

References

  1. Abd El-Gawad, E.A., & Abdel Hamid, O.M. (2014). Effect of vitamin C dietary supplementation in reducing the alterations induced by fenitrothion in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 40, 787-796. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9885-4
  2. Abdel-Tawwab, M., Abdel-Razek, N., Tahoun, A.A., Awad, S.M., & Ahmed, M. (2022). Effects of dietary supplementation of chamomile oil on Indian shrimp (Penaeus indicus) performance, antioxidant, innate immunity, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Aquaculture, 552, 738045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738045
  3. Ahmadifar, E., Yousefi, M., Karimi, M., Fadaei Raieni, R., Dadar, M., Yilmaz, S., Dawood, M.A.O., & Abdel-Latif, H.M. (2021). Benefits of dietary polyphenols and polyphenol-rich additives to aquatic animal health: an overview. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 29(4), 478-511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1818689
  4. Ali, B., & Rawal, Y.K. (2022). Evaluation of optimum dietary protein requirement for maximum growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquaculture Research, 53(17), 5915-5924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.16059
  5. American Public Health Association (1998) APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th ed. New York.
  6. Association of American Feed Control Officials (2012) AAFCO. Official Publication. 99th edition. Oxford.
  7. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1997) Official Methods of Analysis. Washington: Association of Analytical Chemists, 29.
  8. Babu, M.M., Sivaram, V., Immanuel, G., Citarasu, T., & Punitha, S.M.J. (2008). Effects of herbal enriched artemia supplementation over the reproductive performance and larval quality in spent spawners of the tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8 (2), 301-307.
  9. Banan Khojasteh, S.M. (2012). The morphology of the post-gastric alimentary canal in teleost fishes: a brief review. International Journal of Aquatic Science, 3(2), 71-88.
  10. Basak, B.B., Saha, A., Gajbhiye, N.A., & Manivel, P. (2020). Potential of organic nutrient sources for improving yield and bioactive principle of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) through enhanced soil fertility and biological functions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 51(6), 779- 793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2020.1729368
  11. Beutler, E., Duran, O., & Kelly, B.M. (1963). Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione, Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 61, 882.
  12. Borkar, S.B., Rathod, S.H., Kulkarni, K.M., & Tantarpale, V.T. (2014). Impact of Shatavari and Ashwagandha on average body weight of freshwater fish Channa punctatus. Journal of Global Biosciences, 3(2), 582-585.
  13. Casas-Grajales, S., & Muriel, P. (2015). Antioxidants in liver health. World journal of gastrointestinal pharmacology and therapeutics, 6(3), 59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i3.59
  14. Carvalho, J., Lira, A., Costa, D., Moreira, E., Pinto, L., Abreu, R., & Albinati, R. (2011). Desempenho zoot ́ecnico e morfometria intestinal de alevinos de tila ́pia-do–Nilo alimentados com Bacillus subtilis ou mananoligossacarídeo. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 12(1)176–187.
  15. Chandrasekaran, S., Veronica, J., Sundar. S., & Maurya, R. (2017). Alcoholic fractions F5 and F6 from Withania somnifera leaves show a potent Antileishmanial and Immunomodulatory activities to control experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis. Frontiers in Medicine, 4, 55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00055
  16. Citarasu, T. (2010). Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aquaculture industry. Aquaculture International, 18(3), 403-414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-009-9253-7
  17. Dawood, M.A., Metwally, A.E.S., El-Sharawy, M.E., Atta, A.M., Elbialy, Z.I., Abdel-Latif, H.M., & Paray, B.A. (2020). The role of β-glucan in the growth, intestinal morphometry, and immune-related gene and heat shock protein expressions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under different stocking densities. Aquaculture, 523, 735205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735205
  18. Dhas, S.A., Selvaraj, T., Citarasu, T., Punitha, S.M.J., & Babu, M.M. (2015). Effect of supplemented feed with maturation plant extract on reproductive performance of Etroplus suratansis. Aquaculture Reports, 2, 58–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.08.005
  19. Dimitroglou, A., Merrifield, D. L., Spring, P., Sweetman, J., Moate, R., & Davies, S. J. (2010). Effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on growth performance, feed utilisation, intestinal histology and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) Aquaculture, 300(1-4), 182-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.01.015
  20. Duncan, D. B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1), 1-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478
  21. Garg, S. K., Kalla, A., & Bhatnagar, A. (2002). Evaluation of raw and hydrothermally processed leguminous seeds as supplementary feed for the growth of two Indian major carp species. Aquaculture Research, 33(3), 151-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00642.x
  22. Habig, W.H., Dabit, M.J., Jacoby, W.B. (1974). Journal of Biological Chemistry, 249, 7130–7139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42083-8
  23. Hajra, A., Mazumder, A., Verma, A., Ganguly, D. P., Mohanty, B. P., & Sharma, A. P. (2013). Antinutritional factors in plant origin fish feed ingredients: the problems and probable remedies. Advances in Fish Research, 5, 193-202
  24. Harikrishnan, B., Subramanian, P., & Subash, S. (2008). Effect of Withania somnifera root powder on the levels of circulatory lipid peroxidation and liver marker enzymes in chronic hyperammonemia. Journal of Chemistry, 5(4),872-877. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/589394
  25. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., & Heo, M.S. (2011). Impact of plant products on the innate and adaptive immune system of cultured finfish and shellfish. Aquaculture, 317(1-4) 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.03.039
  26. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C., Jawahar, S. & Heo, M.S. (2012). Immunomodulatory effect of Withania somnifera supplementation diet in the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 32(1), 94-100 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.027
  27. Hassan, A.A.M., Yacout, M.H., Khalel, M.S., Hafsa, S.H.A., Ibrahim, M.A.R., Mocuta, D.N., Rahoveanu, A.T., & Dediu, L. (2018). Effects of some herbal plant supplements on growth performance and the immune response in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Sciendo, 1, 134-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0020
  28. Immanuel, G., Uma, R.P., Iyapparaj, P., Citarasu, T., Punitha, Peter. S.M., Michael Babu, M., & Palavesam, A. (2009). Dietary medicinal plant extracts improve growth, immune activity and survival of tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(7), 1462-1475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02212.x
  29. Jahanjoo, V., Yahyavi, M., Akrami, R., & Bahri, A.H. (2018). Influence of adding Garlic (Allium sativum), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and their combination on the growth performance, haemato immunological parameters and disease resistance to Photobacterium damselae in Sobaity Sea bream Sparidentex hasta fry. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18(4), 633-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v18_4_15
  30. Joseph, K.B., Richard, W.S., & Daniel, E.T. (1993). An introduction to water chemistry in freshwater aquaculture, University of Massachusetts. Dartmouth North Dartmouth Massachusetts, 2747, 1-4.
  31. Kaushal, S., Sharma, R.K., Singh, D.V., Shukla, S.K., Kumar, S., Palod, J., & Singh, M.K. (2019). Performance, carcass characteristics and economics of broiler chickens fed dietary enzymes and probiotics. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 20(4), 293.
  32. Kono, Y. (1978). Generation of Superoxide Radical during Autoxidation of Hydroxylamine and an Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 186, 189-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(78)90479-4
  33. Kour, D. (2007). Study of the effects of selected herbs on growth and colouration in certain freshwater Ornamental Fishes (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Limnology and Fisheries, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur).
  34. Kumari, S., & Gupta, A. (2016). Nutritional composition of dehydrated ashwagandha, Shatavari, and ginger root powder. International Journal of Home Science, 2(3), 68-7.
  35. Luck, H. (1971). Catalase. In: Hu, B., Ed., Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, 3, 279
  36. Madhuri, S., Mandloi, A.K., Govind, P., & Sahni, Y.P. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against fish pathogens. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 3(4), 28–30.
  37. Marwah, R.G., Fatope, M.O., Al Mahrooqi, R., Varma, G.B., Al Abadi, H., & Al Burtamani, S.K.S. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of some edible and wound healing plants in Oman. Food Chemistry, 101(2), 465-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.001
  38. Mirjalili, M.H., Moyano, E., Bonfill, M., Cusido, R.M., & Palazon, J. (2009). Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine. Molecules, 14(7) 2373-2393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14072373
  39. Mohanty, I.R., Arya, D.S., & Gupta, S.K. (2008). Withania somnifera provides cardioprotection and attenuates ischemia–reperfusion-induced apoptosis. Clinical Nutrition, 27(4), 635-642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2008.05.006
  40. Mukherjee, D., Ghosal, I., Moniruzzaman, M., De, M., & Chakraborty, S.B. (2019). Dietary administration of ethanol and methanol extracts of Withania somnifera root stimulates innate immunity, physiological parameters and growth in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 77(3), 106-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/cjf-2019-0012
  41. Naiel, M.A., Ismael, N.E., Negm, S.S., Ayyat, M.S. & Al-Sagheer, A.A. (2020). Rosemary leaf powder–supplemented diet enhances performance, antioxidant properties, immune status, and resistance against bacterial diseases in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 526, 735370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735370
  42. Nicholson, J.K., Holmes, E., Kinross, J., Burcelin, R., Gibson, G., Jia, W., & Pettersson, S. (2012). Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science, 336(6086), 1262-1267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1223813
  43. Panche, A.N., Diwan, A.D., & Chandra, S.R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
  44. Rahman, M.M., & Meyer, C.G. (2009). Effects of food type on diel behaviours of common carp Cyprinus carpio in simulated aquaculture pond conditions. Journal of Fish Biology, 74(10), 2269-2278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02236.x
  45. Raparia, S., & Bhatnagar, A. (2016). Effect of dietary protein source and probiotic inclusion on pattern of excretion of ammonia and orthophosphate in holding water in Catla catla Iculture system. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4(1), 1-7.
  46. Rumsey, G.L., Hughes, S.G., & Winfree, R.A. (1993). Chemical and nutritional evaluation of soya protein preparations as primary nitrogen sources of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 40(23), 135-­151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90152-A
  47. Sharma, A., Deo, A.D., Riteshkumar, S.T., Chanu, T.I. & Das, A. (2010). Effect of Withania somnifera (L. Dunal) root as a feed additive on immunological parameters and disease resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 29(3), 508-512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2010.05.005
  48. Singh, N., & Yadav, S.S. (2022). A review on health benefits of phenolics derived from dietary spices. Current Research in Food Science, 5, 1508-1523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2022.09.009
  49. Sivaram, V., Babu, M.M., Immanuel, G., Murugadass, S., Citarasu, T., & Marian, M.P. (2004). Growth and immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tauvina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets against Vibrio harveyi infections. Aquaculture, 237(1-4) 9-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.03.014
  50. Srivastava, A., Ansal, M.D., & Khairnar, S.O. (2020). Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder supplementation on survival, growth and flesh quality of an Indian major carp, Labeo rohita (Ham.) fingerlings. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 20(3), 515-524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-181X.2020.00045.1
  51. Syahidah, A., Saad, C.R., Daud, H.M., & Abdelhadi, Y.M. (2015). Status and potential of herbal applications in aquaculture: A review. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 14(1), 27-44.
  52. Tadese, D.A., Song, C., Sun, C., Liu, B., Zhou, Q., Xu, P., Ge, X., Liu, M., Xu, X., Tamiru, M., Zhou, Z., Lakew,A., & Kevin, N.T. (2021). The role of currently used medicinal plants in aquaculture and their action mechanisms: A review. Reviews in Aquaculture, 14(2), 816-847 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12626
  53. Unigwe, C.R., Okorafor, U.P., Ogbu, U.M., & Nwufoh, O.C. (2014). The nutritive profile of sun-dried paw-paw (Carica papaya) leaf meal and its effect on the growth performance of broiler chickens. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences and Technology, 20(2), 72.
  54. Valladão, G.M., Gallani, S.U., Pala, G., Jesus, R.B., Kotzent, S., Costa, J.C., Silva, T.F., & Pilarski, F. (2017). Practical diets with essential oils of plants activate the complement system and alter the intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia. Aquaculture Research, 48(11), 5640-5649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13386
  55. Vijayaram, S., Razafindralambo, H., Sun, Y., Ghafarifarsani, H., Hoseinifar, S., Raeeszadeh, M. & Doan, H. (2023). Application development on Brassica species in aquaculture – a review. Annals of Animal Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2023-0048
  56. Vineetha, V.P., Asha, G., & Devika, P. (2021). Withania somnifera attenuates Tilapia lake virus (TiLV)‐induced mortality by inhibiting stress and strengthening the innate antioxidant defence system. Aquaculture Research, 52(11), 5493-5505. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15423
  57. Vitanti, R.Y., Lamid, M., Lokapirnasari, W.P., & Amin, M. (2021). Dry matter, crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract contents of Seligi leaf (Phyllanthus buxifolius) powder fermented with different duration and probiotics dose as a fish feed ingredient. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 718, 012082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/718/1/012082
  58. Ye, J.D., Wang, K., Li, F.D., & Sun, Y.Z. (2011). Single or combined effects of fructo‐and mannan oligosaccharide supplements and Bacillus clausii on the growth, feed utilization, body composition, digestive enzyme activity, innate immune response and lipid metabolism of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(4), e902-e911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00863.x
  59. Zahran, E., Abd El-Gawad, E.A., & Rish, E. (2018). Dietary Withania somnifera root confers protective and immunotherapeutic effects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 80, 641-650. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.009
  60. Zahran, E., El Sebaei, M.G., Awadin, W., Elbahnaswy, S., Risha, E., & Elseady, Y. (2020). Withania somnifera dietary supplementation improves lipid profile, intestinal histomorphology in healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and modulates cytokines response to Streptococcus infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 106, 133-141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.056
  61. Zaki, M.A., Salem, M.E.S., Gaber, M.M., & Nour, A.M. (2015). Effect of chitosan supplemented diet on survival, growth, feed utilization, body composition & histology of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(4), 38-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2015.34C005
  62. Zhu, F. (2020). A review on the application of herbal medicines in the disease control of aquatic animals. Aquaculture, 526, 735422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735422
  63. Zhou, Q.C., Buentello, J.A., & Gatlin III, D.M. (2010). Effects of dietary prebiotics on growth performance, immune response and intestinal morphology of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 309(1-4), 253-257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.09.003
  64. Zou, Z., Xi, W., Hu, Y., Nie, C., & Zhou, Z. (2016). Antioxidant activity of Citrus fruits. Food Chemistry, 196, 885-896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.072