Article Sidebar

Submitted
February 10, 2024
Accepted
April 20, 2024
Published
May 5, 2024
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 95 Download : 41

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

The present study was carried out to assess the water quality of Lakhota Lake. Objective water samples from five different sites were collected and analyzed from January 2023 to December 2024. Furthermore, the data obtained were processed to calculate the water quality index (WQI). The values obtained were compared with the guidelines for drinking purposes suggested by the World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian Standard. The results revealed that all the studied parameters were within the permissible limits except turbidity, TDS and EC, which exceeded the permissible limits. Among all the sites, site 5 was more heavily polluted than all the other sites. Among the heavy metals, iron was found above the permissible limits at Site 3, Site 4 and Site 5. Eight water quality parameters were used in the WQI approach to estimate the integrated groundwater quality. The WQI values ranged from 63.8 to 81.9, indicating that the Lakhota Lake water is not suitable for drinking water, including water from both humans and animals. At sites 1-4, the WQI falls in the poor category, while at site 5, it falls under the very poor category. There is a need for proper wastewater management in and around Lakhota Lake to protect the water quality and aesthetic properties of the lake. It is finally suggested that vegetation should also be planted at the boundaries of the lake, which will work as a natural purifier for the water of the lake.

Keywords

Contamination Heavy metals Lakhota Lake Organic matter Wastewater WQI

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Environment Conservation Journal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Ruhela, M., Bhardwaj, S., Gaurishankar, S. P., Ahamad, F., & Bhutiani, R. (2024). Water quality assessment of Lakhota Lake, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India, with special reference to the water quality index (WQI). Environment Conservation Journal, 25(2), 604–610. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.27782024
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Akan, J.C., Abdulrahman, F.I., Dimari, G,A. & Ogugbuaja, V.O. (2008). Physicochemical determination of pollutants in wastewater and vegetable samples along the Jakara wastewater channel in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. Eur J Sci Res., 23(1): 122–133.
  2. APHA-AWWA-WPCF (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22ndedn. Water Environment Federation Washington, DC.
  3. Aziz, N.F.A., Ramli, N.A. & Hamid, M.F.A. (2019). Energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plant through aeration system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 156: 38–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24134
  4. Bhat, S. A., & Pandit, A. K. (2014). Surface water quality assessment of Wular Lake, a Ramsar site in Kashmir Himalaya, using discriminant analysis and WQI. Journal of Ecosystems, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/724728
  5. Bhat, S. U., Dar, G., Sofi, A. H., Dar, N. A., & Pandit, A. K. (2012). Macroinvertebrate community assossiciations on three different macrophytic species in Manasbal Lake. Research journal of environmental sciences, 6(2), 62-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2012.62.76
  6. Bhutiani, R. & Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of advance research in Science and Engineering., 7(3): 412-421.
  7. Bhutiani, R., Khanna, D.R., Kumar, R., Ram, K. & Ahamad, F. (2019). Impact assessment of sewage treatment plants’ effluent discharge on the quality of Ganga river at Haridwar, Uttarakhand. J. Mountain Res., (2): 77-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51220/jmr.v14i2.10
  8. Bhutiani, R., Pratap, H., Ahamad, F., Kumar, P. & Kaushik P.D. (2017). Efficiency assessment of effluent treatment plant (ETP) treating an automobile industry effluent (Sidcul) Haridwar. Environment Conservation Journal, 18(1&2): 95-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2017.181213
  9. Brown, R.M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R.A., & Tozer, R.G., (1970). A water quality index-do we dare? Water sewage works, 117:339-343.
  10. Chaterjee C. & Raziuddin M. (2002). Determination of water quality index (WQI) of a degraded river in Asanol Industrial area, Raniganj, Burdwan, West Bengal. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 2: 181-189.
  11. Cude, C. (2001). Oregon water quality index: A tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37:125–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05480.x
  12. Das Kangabam, R., Bhoominathan, S. D., Kanagaraj, S., & Govindaraju, M. (2017). Development of a water quality index (WQI) for the Loktak Lake in India. Applied Water Science, 7, 2907-2918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0579-4
  13. Ducey, M. J., Johnson, K. M., Belair, E. P., & Cook, B. D. (2018). The influence of human demography on land cover change in the Great Lakes States, USA. Environmental management, 62, 1089-1107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1102-x
  14. Fuentes, R., Molinos-Senante, M., Hernández-Sancho, F. & Sala-Garrido, R. (2020). Analyzing the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants: The problem of the definition of desirable outputs and its solution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 121989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121989
  15. Habib, R.Z., Thiemann, T. & Al Kendi, R. (2020). Microplastics and Wastewater Treatment Plants-A Review. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12: 1-35. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2020.121001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2020.121001
  16. Khan, A.A., Gaur, R.Z., Mehrotra, I., Diamantis, V., Lew, B. & Kazmi, A.A. (2014). Performance assessment of different STPs based on UASB followed by aerobic post treatment systems. J Environ Health Sci Eng., https ://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336x-12-43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-43
  17. Leach, T. H., Winslow, L. A., Hayes, N. M. & Rose, K. C. (2019). Decoupled trophic responses to long-term recovery from acidification and associated browning in lakes. Global Change Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14580 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14580
  18. Mayanglambam, B., & Neelam, S. S. (2022). Physicochemistry and water quality of Loktak Lake water, Manipur, India. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 102(7), 1638-1661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1742888
  19. Menberu, Z., Mogesse, B., & Reddythota, D. (2021). Evaluation of water quality and eutrophication status of Hawassa Lake based on different water quality indices. Applied Water Science, 11, 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01385-6
  20. Miller, K., Hooda, P.S. & Downward, S.R. (2010). The Impact of treated Sewage Wastewater discharge on the phosphorus levels and hydrology of two second order river flowing into the theams. J.Environ. Monitoring, 27(5): 101-105.
  21. Moldan, F., Cosby, B. J. & Wright, R. F. (2013). Modeling past and future acidification of Swedish lakes. Ambio, 42(5), 577–586. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0360-8
  22. Parvez, S. & Bhat, S. U. (2014). Searching for water quality improvement in Dal lake, Srinagar, Kashmir. Journal of Himalayan Ecology and Sustainable Development, 9, 51– 64.
  23. Ramakrishnaiah, C.R., Sadashivaiah, C. & Ranganna, G. (2009). Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk, Karnataka State, India. J Chem NY 6(2): 523–530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/757424
  24. Rashid, I. & Aneaus, S. (2019). High resolution earth observation data for assessing the impact of land system changes on wetland health in Kashmir Himalaya, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 12, 453. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-019-4649-9
  25. Rashid, I., Romshoo, S. A., Amin, M., Khanday, S. A. & Chauhan, P. (2017). Linking human-biophysical interactions with the trophic status of Dal lake. Limnologica-Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 62, 84–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2016.11.008
  26. Rather, M. I., Rashid, I., Shahi, N., Murtaza, K. O., Hassan, K., Yousuf, A. R., Romshoo, S. A. & Shah, I. Y. (2016). Massive land system changes impact water quality of the Jhelum River in Kashmir Himalaya. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(3), 185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5190-x
  27. Santos, I.R., Costa, R.C., Freitos, U. & Fillmann, G. (2008). Influence of effluents from a wastewater treatment plant on nutrient distribution in a costal creek from southern Brazil. Barillian Archives of Biology and Technology, 51: 153-162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132008000100019
  28. Sharma, P., Khitoliya, R.K. & Kumar, S. (2013). A comparative study of sewerage treatment plants with different technologies in the vicinity of Chandigarh city. J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol., 4(5): 113–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-045113121
  29. Wakode, P.N. & Sayyad, S.U. (2016). Performance evaluation of 25MLD sewage treatment plant (STP) at Kalyan. Am J Eng Res., 3(3): 310–316.
  30. Wang, H., Mao, L., Lu, S., Ying, J., Jiang, Q., Yuan, R., Liu, X., Wang, M. & Zhao, D. (2019). What determines the change of lakes in large cities under climate change and anthropogenic activities? Evidence from Eastern China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 28(3), 1949–1956. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/90481
  31. Wani, M.A., Dutta, A. Wani, M.A. & Wani, U.J. (2014). Toward Conservation of World Famous Dal Lake – A Need of Hour. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 01(01): 24-30.