Main Article Content
Abstract
The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of municipal solid waste (MSW) dumping on the quality of soil and groundwater at six specific sites (S1-S6) located in the Haridwar district of Uttarakhand, India. An analysis of selected physicochemical and heavy metal characteristics (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, and Cr) was conducted on groundwater and soil samples collected between July 2022 and June 2023 using standard techniques. Furthermore, the composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) was also analysed, revealing a significant proportion of biodegradable waste in comparison to non-biodegradable wastes. The areas affected by urban and industrial activity showed markedly higher concentrations of physicochemical and heavy metal parameters in both soil and groundwater samples (p < 0.05). An study of groundwater revealed concentrations from BDL to 0.170 ± 0.008 mg/L (S6) , 0.034 ± 0.004 mg/L (S4) to 1.565 ± 0.048 mg/L (S6), 1.786 ± 0.089 mg/L (S4) to 10.630 ± 0.279 mg/L (S6), 0.096 ± 0.006 mg/L (S4) to 0.321 ± 0.005 mg/L (S6), and 0.110 ± 0.005 mg/L (S6) for Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cd mg/kg , respectively. Cr was detected at the BDL level in all groundwater samples from all sites. Findings revealed that metals exceeded the BIS range, with Iron over the limit at all sites, Manganese at S1, S2, and S6 sites, and Cadmium at S1, S2, S3, and S6 sites. The examination of the soil samples revealed concentrations ranging from 0.399 ± 0.125 mg/kg (S5) to 2.806 ± 0.083 mg/kg (S6), 1.207 ± 0.044 mg/kg (S5) to 3.813 ± 0.238 mg/kg (S2), 24.972 ± 1.128 mg/kg (S5) to 47.417 ± 1.713 mg/kg (S3), 2.297 ± 0.43 mg/kg (S5) to 14.641 ± 0.229 mg/kg (S2), and BDL (S4, S5, and S6) to 0.194 ± 0.291 mg/kg (S2) for their respective elements. The Cr content was BDL in all soil samples from all sites. Several metals over the BIS range were detected, including Cu at site S6, Zn at sites S1, S2, S3, S4, and S6, Fe at all sites and Mn at site S2. In S1-S6, the total bacterial population in the soil ranged from 397 ± 67 CFU to 459±88 CFU, with values of 442 ± 86 CFU, 404 ± 78 CFU, 459 ± 88 CFU, 397 ± 67 CFU, 405 ± 67 CFU, and 451 ± 77 CFU, respectively. The findings revealed soil and groundwater pollution caused by the elevated levels of heavy metals in the groundwater, rendering the water unfit for drinking. The study underscores the need of adopting effective waste management strategies to reduce the adverse effects of solid waste disposal sites. The results can guide the formulation of development policies and laws aimed at enabling the implementation of suitable solid waste management techniques.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Environment Conservation Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Funding data
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Uttarakhand State Council for Science and Technology
Grant numbers UCS&T/R&D-20/22-23/21110/1
References
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- Al-Huqail, A. A., Kumar, P., Eid, E. M., Taher, M. A., Kumar, P., Adelodun, B., & Širić, I. (2022). Phytoremediation of composite industrial effluent using sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn): a lab-scale experimental investigation. Sustainability, 14(15), 9500.https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159500
- Annirvinna, S., & Saini, Y. (2021). Status of Solid Waste Management in India: Problems and Perspectives. Ecology Environment Conservation, 27, S295-S301.
- APHA (2022). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 24th ed.; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA.
- Bahukhandi, K. D., Kushwaha, A., Goswami, L., Bhan, U., Kamboj, V., Kamboj, N., Bisht, A., & Sharma, B. (2023). Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in the Upper Piedmont Area of Haridwar, India. ACS ES &T Water. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00419
- Betz, J. D., & Noll, C. A. (1950). Total-hardness determination by direct colorimetric titration. Journal (American Water Works Association), 42(1), 49-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1950.tb18800.x
- Bisht, A., Kamboj, N. & Kamboj, V. (2022). Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of Solid Waste Dumping Sites of Quaternary Shallow Water Aquifers of Ganga Basin. Water Air Soil Pollution. 233 (12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05954-6
- Bisht, A., Kamboj, V., Kamboj, N., Bharti, M., Bahukahndi, K. D., & Saini, H. (2024). Impact of solid waste dumping on soil quality and its potential risk on human health and environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(8), 763. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12914-6
- Chaturvedi, R. K., & Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory Manual for the Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil, Water and Plant. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, p. 111.
- Choudhury, M., Jyethi, D. S., Dutta, J., Purkayastha, S. P., Deb, D., Das, R., & Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2022). Investigation of groundwater and soil quality near to a municipal waste disposal site in Silchar, Assam, India. International journal of energy and water resources, 6(1), 37-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00117-5
- Ekamaida, E. (2017). Counting Total Bacteria In Land Organic Waste Household and Land Inorganic With Total Plate Count Method (TPC). Jurnal Penelitian Agrisamudra, 4(2), 87-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33059/jpas.v4i2.288
- Gangwar, K. K., & Joshi, B. D. (2008). A preliminary study on solid waste generation at Har Ki Pauri, Haridwar, around the Ardh-Kumbh period of sacred bathing in the river Ganga in 2004. The environmentalist, 28, 297-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9147-z
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- Igboama, W. N., Hammed, O. S., Fatoba, J. O., Aroyehun, M. T., & Ehiabhili, J. C. (2022). Review article on impact of groundwater contamination due to dumpsites using geophysical and physiochemical methods. Applied Water Science, 12(6), 130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01653-z
- Joshi, R., and Ahmed, S. (2016). Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A review. Cogent environmental science, 2(1), 1139434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1139434
- Kamboj, N., Bisht, A., Kamboj, V., Pandey, N., & Bisht, A. (2020). Role of natural disasters in environmental degradation: An overview. Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies, 1, 21-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2020-edcrs-02
- Kamboj, N., Bisht, A., Kamboj, V., & Bisht, A. (2020). Leachate disposal induced groundwater pollution: A threat to drinking water scarcity and its management. Advances in Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts and Treatment Technologies, 1, 54-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2020-aepm-05
- Kumar, A., & Agrawal, A. (2020). Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities–A review. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011
- Kumar, R., Pandit, P., Kumar, D., Patel, Z., Pandya, L., Kumar, M., & Joshi, M. (2021). Landfill microbiome harbour plastic degrading genes: A metagenomic study of solid waste dumping site of Gujarat, India. Science of The Total Environment, 779, 146184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146184
- Khan, M. U., & Rai, N. (2022). Arsenic and selected heavy metal enrichment and its health risk assessment in groundwater of the Haridwar district, Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 81(12), 337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10453-2
- Mekonnen, B., Haddis, A., & Zeine, W. (2020). Assessment of the effect of solid waste dump site on surrounding soil and river water quality in Tepi town, Southwest Ethiopia. Journal of environmental and public health, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5157046
- Mohan, S., & Joseph, C. P. (2021). Potential hazards due to municipal solid waste open dumping in India. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 101(4), 523-536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-021-00242-4
- Nagarajan, R., Thirumalaisamy, S., & Lakshumanan, E. (2012). Impact of leachate on groundwater pollution due to non-engineered municipal solid waste landfill sites of erode city, Tamil Nadu, India. Iranian journal of environmental health science & engineering, 9, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-9-35
- Nandwana, R., & Chhipa, R. C. (2014). Impact of solid waste disposal on ground water quality in different disposal site at Jaipur, India. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 3, 93-101.
- Negi, P., Mor, S., & Ravindra, K. (2020). Impact of landfill leachate on the groundwater quality in three cities of North India and health risk assessment. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 1455-1474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0257-1
- Pastapure, V., Singh, D., & Kumar, S. (2021, November). Effects of open dumping of municipal solid waste on surrounding soil characteristics: a review. In Indian Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Conference (pp. 47-54). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4731-5_4
- Sarma Bora, M., Devi, U., Bharadwaj, N., Sharma, P., Kalita, S., Baruah, S., & Sarma, K. P. (2023). Pollution and health risk assessment of toxic metals in solid waste dumping site soil and its impact on groundwater: a case study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(3), 612-632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1862813
- Sharma, A., Gupta, A. K., & Ganguly, R. (2018). Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(4), 725-739. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.12.009
- Sharma, K. D., & Jain, S. (2021). A Detailed Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Composition for Haridwar City, Uttarakhand, India. In Advances in Clean Energy Technologies: Select Proceedings of ICET 2020 (pp. 855-868). Springer Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0235-1_65
- Soubra, G., Massoud, M. A., Alameddine, I., Al Hindi, M., & Sukhn, C. (2021). Assessing the environmental risk and pollution status of soil and water resources in the vicinity of municipal solid waste dumpsites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(12), 857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09640-8
- Soujanya Kamble, B., Saxena, P. R., Kurakalva, R. M., & Shankar, K. (2020). Evaluation of seasonal and temporal variations of groundwater quality around Jawaharnagar municipal solid waste dumpsite of Hyderabad city, India. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2199-0
- Wilson, D. C., & Velis, C. A. (2015). Waste management–still a global challenge in the 21st century: An evidence-based call for action. Waste Management & Research, 33(12), 1049-1051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15616055
- World Bank (2020). What a waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Availableonline:https://datatopics.worldbank.org/whatwaste/challenges_to_the_solid_waste_sector.html (accessed on 18 January 2024).
- World Bank (2022). Policy brief: Solid Waste Management. Available online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management (accessed on 18 January 2024).
- Yadav, S., Bajar, S., Hemraj, Rohilla, R., Chhikara, S. K., & Dhankhar, R. (2023). Assessment of groundwater quality near municipal solid waste landfill by using multivariate statistical technique and GIS: a case study of Bandhwari (Gurugram) landfill site, Haryana, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 9(6), 174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00964-6
References
Alam, P., Sharholy, M., & Ahmad, K. (2020). A study on the landfill leachate and its impact on groundwater quality of Ghazipur area, New Delhi, India. In Recent Developments in Waste Management: Select Proceedings of Recycle 2018 (pp. 345-358). Springer Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0990-2_27
Alao, J. O., Abdo, H. G., Ayejoto, D. A., Mohammed, M. A., Danladi, E., Saqr, A. M., & Fahad, A. (2023). Evaluation of Groundwater contamination and the Health Risk Due to Landfills using integrated geophysical methods and Physiochemical Water Analysis. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100523
Al-Huqail, A. A., Kumar, P., Eid, E. M., Taher, M. A., Kumar, P., Adelodun, B., & Širić, I. (2022). Phytoremediation of composite industrial effluent using sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn): a lab-scale experimental investigation. Sustainability, 14(15), 9500.https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159500
Annirvinna, S., & Saini, Y. (2021). Status of Solid Waste Management in India: Problems and Perspectives. Ecology Environment Conservation, 27, S295-S301.
APHA (2022). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 24th ed.; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA.
Bahukhandi, K. D., Kushwaha, A., Goswami, L., Bhan, U., Kamboj, V., Kamboj, N., Bisht, A., & Sharma, B. (2023). Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in the Upper Piedmont Area of Haridwar, India. ACS ES &T Water. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.2c00419
Betz, J. D., & Noll, C. A. (1950). Total-hardness determination by direct colorimetric titration. Journal (American Water Works Association), 42(1), 49-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1950.tb18800.x
Bisht, A., Kamboj, N. & Kamboj, V. (2022). Groundwater Quality and Potential Health Risk Assessment in the Vicinity of Solid Waste Dumping Sites of Quaternary Shallow Water Aquifers of Ganga Basin. Water Air Soil Pollution. 233 (12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05954-6
Bisht, A., Kamboj, V., Kamboj, N., Bharti, M., Bahukahndi, K. D., & Saini, H. (2024). Impact of solid waste dumping on soil quality and its potential risk on human health and environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 196(8), 763. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12914-6
Chaturvedi, R. K., & Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory Manual for the Physico-Chemical Analysis of Soil, Water and Plant. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, p. 111.
Choudhury, M., Jyethi, D. S., Dutta, J., Purkayastha, S. P., Deb, D., Das, R., & Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2022). Investigation of groundwater and soil quality near to a municipal waste disposal site in Silchar, Assam, India. International journal of energy and water resources, 6(1), 37-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-021-00117-5
Ekamaida, E. (2017). Counting Total Bacteria In Land Organic Waste Household and Land Inorganic With Total Plate Count Method (TPC). Jurnal Penelitian Agrisamudra, 4(2), 87-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33059/jpas.v4i2.288
Gangwar, K. K., & Joshi, B. D. (2008). A preliminary study on solid waste generation at Har Ki Pauri, Haridwar, around the Ardh-Kumbh period of sacred bathing in the river Ganga in 2004. The environmentalist, 28, 297-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-007-9147-z
iForest (2021). Waste woes in Uttarakhand’s Haridwar and Rishikesh where up to 35% plastics waste flows into water bodies: iFOREST study. Available online: https://en.gaonconnection.com/waste-management-uttarakhand-haridwar-rishikesh-plastic-water-bodies-iforest-ganga-environment/ (accessed 18 January 2024).
Igboama, W. N., Hammed, O. S., Fatoba, J. O., Aroyehun, M. T., & Ehiabhili, J. C. (2022). Review article on impact of groundwater contamination due to dumpsites using geophysical and physiochemical methods. Applied Water Science, 12(6), 130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-022-01653-z
Joshi, R., and Ahmed, S. (2016). Status and challenges of municipal solid waste management in India: A review. Cogent environmental science, 2(1), 1139434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1139434
Kamboj, N., Bisht, A., Kamboj, V., Pandey, N., & Bisht, A. (2020). Role of natural disasters in environmental degradation: An overview. Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies, 1, 21-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2020-edcrs-02
Kamboj, N., Bisht, A., Kamboj, V., & Bisht, A. (2020). Leachate disposal induced groundwater pollution: A threat to drinking water scarcity and its management. Advances in Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts and Treatment Technologies, 1, 54-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2020-aepm-05
Kumar, A., & Agrawal, A. (2020). Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities–A review. Current Research in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 100011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2020.100011
Kumar, R., Pandit, P., Kumar, D., Patel, Z., Pandya, L., Kumar, M., & Joshi, M. (2021). Landfill microbiome harbour plastic degrading genes: A metagenomic study of solid waste dumping site of Gujarat, India. Science of The Total Environment, 779, 146184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146184
Khan, M. U., & Rai, N. (2022). Arsenic and selected heavy metal enrichment and its health risk assessment in groundwater of the Haridwar district, Uttarakhand, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 81(12), 337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10453-2
Mekonnen, B., Haddis, A., & Zeine, W. (2020). Assessment of the effect of solid waste dump site on surrounding soil and river water quality in Tepi town, Southwest Ethiopia. Journal of environmental and public health, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5157046
Mohan, S., & Joseph, C. P. (2021). Potential hazards due to municipal solid waste open dumping in India. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science, 101(4), 523-536. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-021-00242-4
Nagarajan, R., Thirumalaisamy, S., & Lakshumanan, E. (2012). Impact of leachate on groundwater pollution due to non-engineered municipal solid waste landfill sites of erode city, Tamil Nadu, India. Iranian journal of environmental health science & engineering, 9, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1735-2746-9-35
Nandwana, R., & Chhipa, R. C. (2014). Impact of solid waste disposal on ground water quality in different disposal site at Jaipur, India. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 3, 93-101.
Negi, P., Mor, S., & Ravindra, K. (2020). Impact of landfill leachate on the groundwater quality in three cities of North India and health risk assessment. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 1455-1474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0257-1
Pastapure, V., Singh, D., & Kumar, S. (2021, November). Effects of open dumping of municipal solid waste on surrounding soil characteristics: a review. In Indian Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Conference (pp. 47-54). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4731-5_4
Sarma Bora, M., Devi, U., Bharadwaj, N., Sharma, P., Kalita, S., Baruah, S., & Sarma, K. P. (2023). Pollution and health risk assessment of toxic metals in solid waste dumping site soil and its impact on groundwater: a case study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(3), 612-632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2020.1862813
Sharma, A., Gupta, A. K., & Ganguly, R. (2018). Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 10(4), 725-739. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.12.009
Sharma, K. D., & Jain, S. (2021). A Detailed Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Composition for Haridwar City, Uttarakhand, India. In Advances in Clean Energy Technologies: Select Proceedings of ICET 2020 (pp. 855-868). Springer Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0235-1_65
Soubra, G., Massoud, M. A., Alameddine, I., Al Hindi, M., & Sukhn, C. (2021). Assessing the environmental risk and pollution status of soil and water resources in the vicinity of municipal solid waste dumpsites. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(12), 857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09640-8
Soujanya Kamble, B., Saxena, P. R., Kurakalva, R. M., & Shankar, K. (2020). Evaluation of seasonal and temporal variations of groundwater quality around Jawaharnagar municipal solid waste dumpsite of Hyderabad city, India. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2199-0
Wilson, D. C., & Velis, C. A. (2015). Waste management–still a global challenge in the 21st century: An evidence-based call for action. Waste Management & Research, 33(12), 1049-1051. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X15616055
World Bank (2020). What a waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Availableonline:https://datatopics.worldbank.org/whatwaste/challenges_to_the_solid_waste_sector.html (accessed on 18 January 2024).
World Bank (2022). Policy brief: Solid Waste Management. Available online: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management (accessed on 18 January 2024).
Yadav, S., Bajar, S., Hemraj, Rohilla, R., Chhikara, S. K., & Dhankhar, R. (2023). Assessment of groundwater quality near municipal solid waste landfill by using multivariate statistical technique and GIS: a case study of Bandhwari (Gurugram) landfill site, Haryana, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 9(6), 174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-023-00964-6