Main Article Content
Abstract
The study was carried out at the Trans-Himalayan Herbal Garden, located at the National Institute of Sowa Rigpa-Leh, from 2021 to 2023. An assessment of pollen viability was conducted using seven significant medicinal and aromatic plants from the Ladakh region. Analysis of pollen vitality was conducted using the acetocarmine staining technique. The pollen viability of Inula racemosa Hook. f. ranged from 91.08 ± 1.39 % to 82.44 ± 1.48 % in Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Among the genus Inula racemosa, the highest percentage (91.08%) of viable pollens indicates a normal meiosis, whereas Ephedra gerardiana recorded the lowest percentage. Among the chosen species, Inula racemosa, Verbascumthapsus, Hyoscyamus niger, and Dracocephalum heterophyllum stand out for their exceptional pollen viability. These species can be effectively utilized for conservation purposes and as male parents in hybridization. The result for the average pollen density varied from 1533.07 ± 106.32 in Capparis spinosa L. to 276.00 ± 10.20 in Dracocephalum heterophyllum.
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References
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- Baninasab, B., Tabori, M., Yu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Deschiffart, I. & Khanizadeh, S. (2017). Low-temperature storage and in vitro pollen germination of selected spring wheat accessions. Journal of Agriculture Science, 9(9),1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p1
- Bemardello, G., Anderson, T., Stuessy. & Crawford, D. (2001). A survey of floral traits, breeding system, floral visitors and pollination system of the Angiosperm of the Jaunisland (Chile). Botanical Review,67,255-308.DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858097
- Bolinder, K., Niklas, K. J. & Rydin, C. (2015). Aerodynamics and Ultrastructure of Ephedra (Gnetales). American Journal of Botany, 102, 457-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400517
- Chaurasia, O. P. & Singh, B. (1996). Cold desert plants. Vol. I-IV. Field Research Laboratory, DRDO, Leh.
- Chaurasia, O. P., Ahmed, Z. & Ballabh, B. (2007). Ethnobotany and plants of Trans- Himalaya. SSPL, NewDelhi. URI:http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/74622.
- Chen,Y, Scott, L., Collins, Yunpeng, Z., Tianwu, Z., Xiangrong, Y., Hang, A., Guorui H., Chunming, X., Juan, Z., Xiongjie, S., Mingrui, H., Panhong, Z., Zengpeng G., Hui Z., Lanping, L. & Miaojun, M. (2022). Warming reduced flowering synchrony and extended community flowering season in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology, 104, 3862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3862
- Dafni, A. &Firmage, D. (2000). Pollen viability and longevity: practical, ecological and evolutionary implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 222,113-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6306-1_6
- Dash, B. (1976). In Tibetan Medicine, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala. 24(01),103.
- Dhyani, P. P. & Kala, C. P. (2005). Current research on medicinal plants: five lesserknown but valuable aspects. Current Science,88,335-340.https://www.researchgate.net/publicati on/274076075.
- Farnsworth, N. R., Akereele, O. &Bingel, A. S. (1985). Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63, 965-981.
- Frlhtenvis. (2016).Centre on Medicinal Plants. Medicinal plants under threat. http://envis.frlht.org/overview.html. Accessed on 6.4.2020.
- Gurmet, P. (2004). Sowa-Rigpa: Himalayan art of Healing. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 3, 212-218 and 46(1),119-129.
- Gurmet, P. and Stobgais T. (2014). A Handbook on Medicinal Plants of Himalayas used in Sowa-Rigpa. National research institute for Sowa Rigpa. 15-21.
- Gurmet, P., Chaurasia, O. P., Singh, B. & Singh, D. V. (1998). Some traditional medicinal plants of Khardungla and Changla (Ladakh) used in Amchi medicine. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, BMEBR, 19 (3–4), 93–101.
- IUCN. (2020). The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2020-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
- Kachroo, P., Sapru, B. L. &Dhar, U. (1977). Flora of Ladakh, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
- Kala, C. P. (2003). In Medicinal Plants of Indian trans-Himalaya: Focus on Tibetan Use of Medicinal Resources. Medicine Environmental Science Biology.Corpus ID: 81256489.
- Kala, C. P. (2005a). Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India.Current Science, 89, 1331-1338.
- Kala, C. P. (2005b). Indigenous Uses, Population Density and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conservation Biology, 19, 368-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x
- Kala, C. P. (2006). Medicinal plants of the high altitude cold desert in India: Diversity, distribution and traditional uses. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 2, 43-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618098
- Kaul, M. L. H. & Murthy, T. G. K. (1985) Mutant genes affecting higher plant meiosis. Theoratical Applied Genetics,70,449-466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305977
- Kilic, F. M. & Kilic, M. (2023). Pollen and Capsule Morphological Studies on Verbascum Hybrids (Scrophulariaceae) in Mardin, Turkey and Their Taxonomic Importance. BitlisEren University Journal of Science. 4(12),1237-1247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1375045
- Kumari, G. P., Joshi, C. &Tewari, L. M. (2011). Diversity and status of ethno-medicinal plants of Almora district in Uttarakhand India.International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 3, 298-326.
- Marutani, M., Sheffer, R. D. & Kameto, H. (1993). Cytological analysis of Arithurium andraenum (Araceae), its related taxa and their hybrids. American Journal of Botany, 80, 93-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1993.tb13772.x
- McKellar, M.A. & Quesenberry, K.H. (1992). Chromosome pairing and pollen viability in Desmodium ovalifolium Wall x Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) D C hybrids. Australian Journal of Botany, 40, 243-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9920243
- Namgyal, G. &Phuntsog, S. T. (1990). Amchipharmacotherapeutics. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Cambridge Printing Works, 330 pp.
- Nawazish and Thaneshwari. (2021). Medicinal plants of Ladakh. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(6), 338-342.
- Panse, V. G. &Sukhatme, P. V. (1995). Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800070014x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800070014x
- Rvaiz, A. W., Kursheed, A. G., Irshad, A. N. &Wafai, B. A. (2006). Phenological episode and reproductive strategies of Inularacemosa (Asteraceae) - A critically endangered medicinal herb of western Himalayas. International Journal of Botany,2(4) 388-394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2006.388.394
- Schlappi, M. (2011). Genetic and physiological analysis of bi ennialism in Hyoscyamusniger. Plant Biology, 13, 534-540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00382.x
- Shabir, P. A., Nawchoo, I. A. & Wan, A.A. (2013). Chromosomal stickiness and related meiotic irregularities in Inula racemosa - a critically endangered medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas. Eurasian Journal of Biosciences, 7, 41-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5053/ejobios.2013.7.0.5
- Shabir, P. A., Nawchoo, I. A. &Wani, A. A. (2013). Floral phenology, secondary pollen presentation and pollination mechanism in Inula racemosa (Angiosperms: Asteraceae). Journal of Threatened Taxa, 4498-4503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3320.4498-503
- Shivanna, K. R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire. pp. 204–210.
- Singh, B. & Chaurasia, O. P. (2000). Medicinal flora of Indian cold desert, Acta Horticulture, 523 (13), 65-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.523.8
- Singh, J. & Pandey, A. K. (2016). A review: an impact of Inula racemosa (puskarmula) on dyslipidemia and obesity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7(5), 528-538.
- Singh, P. D., Kumar, K. S. & Khanduri, V. P. (2022). Pollen storage, viability, and effect of growth hormones on in vitro pollen germination in two medicinal plants (Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. and Clerodendrum infortunatum L.) of the tropical moist forest of North-east India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 999-1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3737
- Uniyal, S. K., Kumar, A., Lal, B. & Singh, R. D. (2006). Quantitative Assessment and Traditional Uses of High Value Medicinal Plants in the Chhota-Bhangal Area of Himanchal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Current Science, 91, 1238-1242.
- Volk, G. M. (2003). National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation USDA-ARS, USA. Pollen Biology and Biotechnology, 204-210.
- Wafai, B. A., Beigh, M. A. A., Showket, Y. & Dar, N. A. (1996). Reproductive biology of Aconitum heterophyllum an important rare and threatened Himalayan drug herb. HUF IUFRO Intl workshop on MAP, YSR Parmer university of Solan H.P. India.
- Wanjohi, B. K., Njenga, E. W., Sudoi, V., Kipkore, W. K., Moore, H. L. & Davies, M. I. J. (2020). Ecological Knowledge of indigenous plants among the Marakwet Community (Embobut Basin), Elgeyo Marakwet County (Kenya). Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32859/era.20.1.1-16
References
Aase, T. H. &Vetaas, O. R. (2007). Risk Management by Communal Decision in trans-Himalayan Farming: Manang Valley in Central Nepal. Human Ecology,35, 453-460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9057-6
Baninasab, B., Tabori, M., Yu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Deschiffart, I. & Khanizadeh, S. (2017). Low-temperature storage and in vitro pollen germination of selected spring wheat accessions. Journal of Agriculture Science, 9(9),1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n9p1
Bemardello, G., Anderson, T., Stuessy. & Crawford, D. (2001). A survey of floral traits, breeding system, floral visitors and pollination system of the Angiosperm of the Jaunisland (Chile). Botanical Review,67,255-308.DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858097
Bolinder, K., Niklas, K. J. & Rydin, C. (2015). Aerodynamics and Ultrastructure of Ephedra (Gnetales). American Journal of Botany, 102, 457-470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400517
Chaurasia, O. P. & Singh, B. (1996). Cold desert plants. Vol. I-IV. Field Research Laboratory, DRDO, Leh.
Chaurasia, O. P., Ahmed, Z. & Ballabh, B. (2007). Ethnobotany and plants of Trans- Himalaya. SSPL, NewDelhi. URI:http://indianmedicine.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/id/eprint/74622.
Chen,Y, Scott, L., Collins, Yunpeng, Z., Tianwu, Z., Xiangrong, Y., Hang, A., Guorui H., Chunming, X., Juan, Z., Xiongjie, S., Mingrui, H., Panhong, Z., Zengpeng G., Hui Z., Lanping, L. & Miaojun, M. (2022). Warming reduced flowering synchrony and extended community flowering season in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Ecology, 104, 3862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3862
Dafni, A. &Firmage, D. (2000). Pollen viability and longevity: practical, ecological and evolutionary implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 222,113-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6306-1_6
Dash, B. (1976). In Tibetan Medicine, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala. 24(01),103.
Dhyani, P. P. & Kala, C. P. (2005). Current research on medicinal plants: five lesserknown but valuable aspects. Current Science,88,335-340.https://www.researchgate.net/publicati on/274076075.
Farnsworth, N. R., Akereele, O. &Bingel, A. S. (1985). Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 63, 965-981.
Frlhtenvis. (2016).Centre on Medicinal Plants. Medicinal plants under threat. http://envis.frlht.org/overview.html. Accessed on 6.4.2020.
Gurmet, P. (2004). Sowa-Rigpa: Himalayan art of Healing. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 3, 212-218 and 46(1),119-129.
Gurmet, P. and Stobgais T. (2014). A Handbook on Medicinal Plants of Himalayas used in Sowa-Rigpa. National research institute for Sowa Rigpa. 15-21.
Gurmet, P., Chaurasia, O. P., Singh, B. & Singh, D. V. (1998). Some traditional medicinal plants of Khardungla and Changla (Ladakh) used in Amchi medicine. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, BMEBR, 19 (3–4), 93–101.
IUCN. (2020). The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2020-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org.
Kachroo, P., Sapru, B. L. &Dhar, U. (1977). Flora of Ladakh, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun.
Kala, C. P. (2003). In Medicinal Plants of Indian trans-Himalaya: Focus on Tibetan Use of Medicinal Resources. Medicine Environmental Science Biology.Corpus ID: 81256489.
Kala, C. P. (2005a). Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India.Current Science, 89, 1331-1338.
Kala, C. P. (2005b). Indigenous Uses, Population Density and Conservation of Threatened Medicinal Plants in Protected Areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conservation Biology, 19, 368-376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00602.x
Kala, C. P. (2006). Medicinal plants of the high altitude cold desert in India: Diversity, distribution and traditional uses. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 2, 43-56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618098
Kaul, M. L. H. & Murthy, T. G. K. (1985) Mutant genes affecting higher plant meiosis. Theoratical Applied Genetics,70,449-466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00305977
Kilic, F. M. & Kilic, M. (2023). Pollen and Capsule Morphological Studies on Verbascum Hybrids (Scrophulariaceae) in Mardin, Turkey and Their Taxonomic Importance. BitlisEren University Journal of Science. 4(12),1237-1247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1375045
Kumari, G. P., Joshi, C. &Tewari, L. M. (2011). Diversity and status of ethno-medicinal plants of Almora district in Uttarakhand India.International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 3, 298-326.
Marutani, M., Sheffer, R. D. & Kameto, H. (1993). Cytological analysis of Arithurium andraenum (Araceae), its related taxa and their hybrids. American Journal of Botany, 80, 93-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1993.tb13772.x
McKellar, M.A. & Quesenberry, K.H. (1992). Chromosome pairing and pollen viability in Desmodium ovalifolium Wall x Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) D C hybrids. Australian Journal of Botany, 40, 243-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9920243
Namgyal, G. &Phuntsog, S. T. (1990). Amchipharmacotherapeutics. New Delhi: Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Cambridge Printing Works, 330 pp.
Nawazish and Thaneshwari. (2021). Medicinal plants of Ladakh. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(6), 338-342.
Panse, V. G. &Sukhatme, P. V. (1995). Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800070014x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800070014x
Rvaiz, A. W., Kursheed, A. G., Irshad, A. N. &Wafai, B. A. (2006). Phenological episode and reproductive strategies of Inularacemosa (Asteraceae) - A critically endangered medicinal herb of western Himalayas. International Journal of Botany,2(4) 388-394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2006.388.394
Schlappi, M. (2011). Genetic and physiological analysis of bi ennialism in Hyoscyamusniger. Plant Biology, 13, 534-540. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00382.x
Shabir, P. A., Nawchoo, I. A. & Wan, A.A. (2013). Chromosomal stickiness and related meiotic irregularities in Inula racemosa - a critically endangered medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas. Eurasian Journal of Biosciences, 7, 41-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5053/ejobios.2013.7.0.5
Shabir, P. A., Nawchoo, I. A. &Wani, A. A. (2013). Floral phenology, secondary pollen presentation and pollination mechanism in Inula racemosa (Angiosperms: Asteraceae). Journal of Threatened Taxa, 4498-4503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3320.4498-503
Shivanna, K. R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire. pp. 204–210.
Singh, B. & Chaurasia, O. P. (2000). Medicinal flora of Indian cold desert, Acta Horticulture, 523 (13), 65-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.523.8
Singh, J. & Pandey, A. K. (2016). A review: an impact of Inula racemosa (puskarmula) on dyslipidemia and obesity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7(5), 528-538.
Singh, P. D., Kumar, K. S. & Khanduri, V. P. (2022). Pollen storage, viability, and effect of growth hormones on in vitro pollen germination in two medicinal plants (Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. and Clerodendrum infortunatum L.) of the tropical moist forest of North-east India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 999-1008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3737
Uniyal, S. K., Kumar, A., Lal, B. & Singh, R. D. (2006). Quantitative Assessment and Traditional Uses of High Value Medicinal Plants in the Chhota-Bhangal Area of Himanchal Pradesh, Western Himalaya. Current Science, 91, 1238-1242.
Volk, G. M. (2003). National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation USDA-ARS, USA. Pollen Biology and Biotechnology, 204-210.
Wafai, B. A., Beigh, M. A. A., Showket, Y. & Dar, N. A. (1996). Reproductive biology of Aconitum heterophyllum an important rare and threatened Himalayan drug herb. HUF IUFRO Intl workshop on MAP, YSR Parmer university of Solan H.P. India.
Wanjohi, B. K., Njenga, E. W., Sudoi, V., Kipkore, W. K., Moore, H. L. & Davies, M. I. J. (2020). Ecological Knowledge of indigenous plants among the Marakwet Community (Embobut Basin), Elgeyo Marakwet County (Kenya). Ethnobotany Research and Applications, 20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32859/era.20.1.1-16