Main Article Content
Abstract
The plants used in landscaping, which typically grow in the wild, along roads, or on homestead land, produce flowers in different shades of colors, from which pigments in other hues can be derived. In this study, six aqueous extraction techniques were used to extract pigments from three plant species, Lagerstroemia sp., Clitoria sp., and Eichhorniacrassipesthat, which produce blue-colored flowers. This study aimed to standardize the processes for extracting pigments from flowers of naturally occurring plant species, identify potential sources of blue-colored natural pigments and assess the durability and quality of the pigments. Clitoria sp. had the highest anthocyanin concentration (64.44 mg/l) when extracted with microwave assistance.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Environment Conservation Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Aberoumand, A. (2011). A review article on edible pigments properties and sources as natural biocolorants in foodstuff and food industry. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 6(1), 71-78.
- Ahmad, A. N., Abdullah Lim, S., &Navaranjan, N. (2020). Development of sago (Metroxylonsagu)‐based colorimetric indicator incorporated with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) anthocyanin for intelligent food packaging. Journal of Food Safety, 40(4), e12807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12807
- Amalia, V., Sukmawardani, Y., Nurramdani, S. F., &Supriadin, A. (2019). Use of Butterfly Pea (Clitoriaternatea) Extract as an Indicator in Acid Base Titration. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology, ICONISTECH.
- Arisumi, K. I., Sakata, Y., &Miyajima, I. (1985). Studies on the flower colors in Rhododendron. I. Pigment constitutions of the elepidote and some lepidote rhododendrons. Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ, 21, 133-147.
- Bishoyi, A. K., & Geetha, K. A. (2012). Polymorphism in flower color and petal type in Aparajita (Clitoria ternatea). Open Access Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(2), 12.
- Brouillard, R. (1988) Flavonoids and Fower color. In The Flavonoids. Advances in Research Since 1980, ed. J. B. Harborne, p. 525. Chapman and Hall, London.
- Carvalho, L. M. J., Gomes, P. B., de Oliveira Godoy, R. L., Pacheco, S., do Monte, P. H. F., de Carvalho, J. L. V., ... & Ramos, S. R. R. (2012). Total carotenoid content, α-carotene and β-carotene, of landrace pumpkins (Cucurbita moschataDuch): A preliminary study. Food Research International, 47(2), 337-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.040
- Casas, E.V., Raquid, J.G., Yaptenco, K.F. & Peralta, E.K., (2012). Optimized drying parameters of water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes. L). Science Diliman, 24(2): 28-49.
- Chusak, C., Thilavech, T., Henry, C. J., &Adisakwattana, S. (2018). Acute effect of Clitoriaternatea flower beverage on glycemic response and antioxidant capacity in healthy subjects: a randomized crossover trial. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 18(1), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-2075-7
- Deka, B., Deka, P., Borgohain, R., &Neog, M. (2014). AJHS. Asian Journal of Home Science, 9(1), 17-20.
- EIBI, The EU Market for Natural Colors, Flavors and Thickeners. Agricultural Export Advantage, Export-Import Bank of India, 2014.
- Fossen, T., Cabrita, L., & Andersen, O. M. (1998). Color and stability of pure anthocyanins influenced by pH including the alkaline region. Food chemistry, 63(4), 435-440.
- Fossen, T., Cabrita, L., & Andersen, O. M. (1998). Color and stability of pure anthocyanins influenced by pH including the alkaline region. Food chemistry, 63(4), 435-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00065-X
- Garofulić, I. E., Dragović-Uzelac, V., Jambrak, A. R., &Jukić, M. (2013). The effect of microwave assisted extraction on the isolation of anthocyanins and phenolic acids from sour cherry Marasca (Prunuscerasus var. Marasca). Journal of Food Engineering, 117(4), 437-442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.12.043
- Gomez, S., Pathrose, B. and Kuruvila, B., (2022). Comparative evaluation of anthocyanin pigment yield and its attributes from Butterfly pea (Clitoreaternatea L.) flowers as prospective food colorant using different extraction methods. Future Foods, 6, p.100199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100199
- Gopika, G., Kumar, V. A., &Prabhu, G. N. (2018). Extraction of natural dye from the flowers of Eichhornia crassipes. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 20(I), 63-67.
- Gulrajani, M. L. (2001). Present status of natural dyes. Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research,26:191-201.
- Hemalatha, T., &Kailasam, S. P. (2022). Carotenoid Screening in Selected Flowers.Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, 18 (12), 1160-1173.
- Kırca, A., Özkan, M., &Cemeroğlu, B. (2007). Effects of temperature, solid content and pH on the stability of black carrot anthocyanins. Food chemistry, 101(1), 212-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.019
- Krishnaveni, M., Vivekanandan, M., &Nagarajan, S. (1981). Pigment studies on Eichhornia labellum. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 30(4), 207-209.
- Kumar, R.,& Kumar, S. (2017). Utilization of water hyacinth as a source of natural dyes. Asian Dyer, 50-54.
- Kumar, V., &Prabha, R. (2018). Extraction and analysis of natural dye. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour, 8(2), 32-38.
- Lee, J., Durst, R. W., Wrolstad, R. E., & Collaborators: Eisele T Giusti MM Hach J Hofsommer H Koswig S Krueger DA Kupina; S Martin SK Martinsen BK Miller TC Paquette F Ryabkova A Skrede G Trenn U Wightman JD. (2005). Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines by the pH differential method: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC international, 88(5), 1269-1278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1269
- Lekshmi, P. D., Watson, A. S., & Bai, R. S. (2022). A study on the physiological and biological responses of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in relation to pollution stress. Plant Physiology Reports, 27(2), 308-320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-022-00648-x
- Lubell, J. D., & Brand, M. H. (2017). Flower Color, Color Stability, and Flower Longevity in Red-flowered Elepidote Rhododendrons. HortTechnology, 27(5), 607-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH03792-17
- Manimozhi, R., &Kanakarajan, S. (2017). Natural dye from toreniasp flower for coloring silk yarn using biomordants-an ecofriendly approach. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 9(11), 17-26.
- Nhon, H. T. N., My, N. T. D., Vi, V. N. T., Lien, P. T. K., Minh, N. T. T., & Dao, D. T. A. (2022). Enhancement of extraction effectiveness and stability of anthocyanin from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10, 100408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100408
- Pap, N., Beszédes, S., Pongrácz, E., Myllykoski, L., Gábor, M., Gyimes, E., ... &Keiski, R. L. (2012). Microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from black currant marc. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6, 2666-2674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0964-9
- Pham, D. T. T., Bui, T.M., & Tran, T. T. H. (2020). The effects of plant spacing on yield and quality of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) cultivated in organic-oriented farming system on gray soil. The Journal of Agriculture and Development, 19(3): 10-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52997/jad.2.03.2020
- Sarkar, D., Khan, A. M., Maitra, S.,& Paul, P. K.(2023). Standardization of Biopigment Extraction Techniques from Yellow Flowering Landscape Ornamentals. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(5): 455-461.
- Sheoran, O.P., Tonk, D.S., Kaushik, L.S., Hasija, R.C., Pannu, R.S. (1998). Statistical Software Package for Agricultural Research Workers. Recent Advances in information theory, Statistics & Computer Applications by D.S. Hooda& R.C. Hasija Department of Mathematics Statistics, CCS HAU, Hisar, 139-143.
- Siva, R. (2007). Status of natural dyes and dye-yielding plants in India. Current science, 916-925.
- Taif, B., Hernida, S., Som, M., Zinnirah, U., &Yusof, M. (2017). Extraction of natural dyes from clitoriaternatea flower. Int. J. Sci. Technol, 3(1), 81-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.31.8190
- Tyagi, T., & Agarwal, M. (2017). Phytochemical screening and GC‒MS analysis of bioactive constituents in the ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 6(1), 195-206.
- Vankar, P. S., & Srivastava, J. (2010). Evaluation of anthocyanin content in red and blue flowers. International Journal of Food Engineering, 6(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1907
- VidanaGamage, G. C., Lim, Y. Y., & Choo, W. S. (2021). Anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea flower: Biosynthesis, extraction, stability, antioxidant activity, and applications. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 792303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.792303
- Voss, D. M., Grouge, S. M., &Giusti, M. M. (2020). Comparison of Hot Water and Acetone Extraction Methods on Anthocyanin Content and Color Characteristics of Butterfly Pea Flower Extracts. Columbus, OH: CFAES.
- Vu, D., & To, D. (2022). Variations in Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Clitoria ternatea Flowers and Leaves. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 6(9). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i9.32
- Vuong, T. T., &Hongsprabhas, P. (2021). Influences of pH on binding mechanisms of anthocyanins from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) with whey powder and whey protein isolate. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 7(1), 1889098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2021.1889098
- Wang, L., & Liu, Y. (2009). Optimization of solvent extraction conditions for total carotenoids in rapeseed using response surface methodology. Natural Science, 1(01), 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2009.11005
- Zhang, J., Wang, L. S., Gao, J. M., Shu, Q. Y., Li, C. H., Yao, J., & Zhang, J. J. (2008). Determination of anthocyanins and exploration of relationship between their composition and petal coloration in crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia hybrid). Journal of integrative plant biology, 50(5), 581-588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00649.x
References
Aberoumand, A. (2011). A review article on edible pigments properties and sources as natural biocolorants in foodstuff and food industry. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 6(1), 71-78.
Ahmad, A. N., Abdullah Lim, S., &Navaranjan, N. (2020). Development of sago (Metroxylonsagu)‐based colorimetric indicator incorporated with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) anthocyanin for intelligent food packaging. Journal of Food Safety, 40(4), e12807. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfs.12807
Amalia, V., Sukmawardani, Y., Nurramdani, S. F., &Supriadin, A. (2019). Use of Butterfly Pea (Clitoriaternatea) Extract as an Indicator in Acid Base Titration. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology, ICONISTECH.
Arisumi, K. I., Sakata, Y., &Miyajima, I. (1985). Studies on the flower colors in Rhododendron. I. Pigment constitutions of the elepidote and some lepidote rhododendrons. Mem. Fac. Agr. Kagoshima Univ, 21, 133-147.
Bishoyi, A. K., & Geetha, K. A. (2012). Polymorphism in flower color and petal type in Aparajita (Clitoria ternatea). Open Access Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(2), 12.
Brouillard, R. (1988) Flavonoids and Fower color. In The Flavonoids. Advances in Research Since 1980, ed. J. B. Harborne, p. 525. Chapman and Hall, London.
Carvalho, L. M. J., Gomes, P. B., de Oliveira Godoy, R. L., Pacheco, S., do Monte, P. H. F., de Carvalho, J. L. V., ... & Ramos, S. R. R. (2012). Total carotenoid content, α-carotene and β-carotene, of landrace pumpkins (Cucurbita moschataDuch): A preliminary study. Food Research International, 47(2), 337-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.07.040
Casas, E.V., Raquid, J.G., Yaptenco, K.F. & Peralta, E.K., (2012). Optimized drying parameters of water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes. L). Science Diliman, 24(2): 28-49.
Chusak, C., Thilavech, T., Henry, C. J., &Adisakwattana, S. (2018). Acute effect of Clitoriaternatea flower beverage on glycemic response and antioxidant capacity in healthy subjects: a randomized crossover trial. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 18(1), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-2075-7
Deka, B., Deka, P., Borgohain, R., &Neog, M. (2014). AJHS. Asian Journal of Home Science, 9(1), 17-20.
EIBI, The EU Market for Natural Colors, Flavors and Thickeners. Agricultural Export Advantage, Export-Import Bank of India, 2014.
Fossen, T., Cabrita, L., & Andersen, O. M. (1998). Color and stability of pure anthocyanins influenced by pH including the alkaline region. Food chemistry, 63(4), 435-440.
Fossen, T., Cabrita, L., & Andersen, O. M. (1998). Color and stability of pure anthocyanins influenced by pH including the alkaline region. Food chemistry, 63(4), 435-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00065-X
Garofulić, I. E., Dragović-Uzelac, V., Jambrak, A. R., &Jukić, M. (2013). The effect of microwave assisted extraction on the isolation of anthocyanins and phenolic acids from sour cherry Marasca (Prunuscerasus var. Marasca). Journal of Food Engineering, 117(4), 437-442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.12.043
Gomez, S., Pathrose, B. and Kuruvila, B., (2022). Comparative evaluation of anthocyanin pigment yield and its attributes from Butterfly pea (Clitoreaternatea L.) flowers as prospective food colorant using different extraction methods. Future Foods, 6, p.100199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100199
Gopika, G., Kumar, V. A., &Prabhu, G. N. (2018). Extraction of natural dye from the flowers of Eichhornia crassipes. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 20(I), 63-67.
Gulrajani, M. L. (2001). Present status of natural dyes. Indian Journal of Fiber and Textile Research,26:191-201.
Hemalatha, T., &Kailasam, S. P. (2022). Carotenoid Screening in Selected Flowers.Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, 18 (12), 1160-1173.
Kırca, A., Özkan, M., &Cemeroğlu, B. (2007). Effects of temperature, solid content and pH on the stability of black carrot anthocyanins. Food chemistry, 101(1), 212-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.019
Krishnaveni, M., Vivekanandan, M., &Nagarajan, S. (1981). Pigment studies on Eichhornia labellum. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 30(4), 207-209.
Kumar, R.,& Kumar, S. (2017). Utilization of water hyacinth as a source of natural dyes. Asian Dyer, 50-54.
Kumar, V., &Prabha, R. (2018). Extraction and analysis of natural dye. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour, 8(2), 32-38.
Lee, J., Durst, R. W., Wrolstad, R. E., & Collaborators: Eisele T Giusti MM Hach J Hofsommer H Koswig S Krueger DA Kupina; S Martin SK Martinsen BK Miller TC Paquette F Ryabkova A Skrede G Trenn U Wightman JD. (2005). Determination of total monomeric anthocyanin pigment content of fruit juices, beverages, natural colorants, and wines by the pH differential method: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC international, 88(5), 1269-1278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1269
Lekshmi, P. D., Watson, A. S., & Bai, R. S. (2022). A study on the physiological and biological responses of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in relation to pollution stress. Plant Physiology Reports, 27(2), 308-320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-022-00648-x
Lubell, J. D., & Brand, M. H. (2017). Flower Color, Color Stability, and Flower Longevity in Red-flowered Elepidote Rhododendrons. HortTechnology, 27(5), 607-610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH03792-17
Manimozhi, R., &Kanakarajan, S. (2017). Natural dye from toreniasp flower for coloring silk yarn using biomordants-an ecofriendly approach. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 9(11), 17-26.
Nhon, H. T. N., My, N. T. D., Vi, V. N. T., Lien, P. T. K., Minh, N. T. T., & Dao, D. T. A. (2022). Enhancement of extraction effectiveness and stability of anthocyanin from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 10, 100408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100408
Pap, N., Beszédes, S., Pongrácz, E., Myllykoski, L., Gábor, M., Gyimes, E., ... &Keiski, R. L. (2012). Microwave-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from black currant marc. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6, 2666-2674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0964-9
Pham, D. T. T., Bui, T.M., & Tran, T. T. H. (2020). The effects of plant spacing on yield and quality of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) cultivated in organic-oriented farming system on gray soil. The Journal of Agriculture and Development, 19(3): 10-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52997/jad.2.03.2020
Sarkar, D., Khan, A. M., Maitra, S.,& Paul, P. K.(2023). Standardization of Biopigment Extraction Techniques from Yellow Flowering Landscape Ornamentals. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(5): 455-461.
Sheoran, O.P., Tonk, D.S., Kaushik, L.S., Hasija, R.C., Pannu, R.S. (1998). Statistical Software Package for Agricultural Research Workers. Recent Advances in information theory, Statistics & Computer Applications by D.S. Hooda& R.C. Hasija Department of Mathematics Statistics, CCS HAU, Hisar, 139-143.
Siva, R. (2007). Status of natural dyes and dye-yielding plants in India. Current science, 916-925.
Taif, B., Hernida, S., Som, M., Zinnirah, U., &Yusof, M. (2017). Extraction of natural dyes from clitoriaternatea flower. Int. J. Sci. Technol, 3(1), 81-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.31.8190
Tyagi, T., & Agarwal, M. (2017). Phytochemical screening and GC‒MS analysis of bioactive constituents in the ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) solms. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 6(1), 195-206.
Vankar, P. S., & Srivastava, J. (2010). Evaluation of anthocyanin content in red and blue flowers. International Journal of Food Engineering, 6(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1907
VidanaGamage, G. C., Lim, Y. Y., & Choo, W. S. (2021). Anthocyanins from Clitoria ternatea flower: Biosynthesis, extraction, stability, antioxidant activity, and applications. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 792303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.792303
Voss, D. M., Grouge, S. M., &Giusti, M. M. (2020). Comparison of Hot Water and Acetone Extraction Methods on Anthocyanin Content and Color Characteristics of Butterfly Pea Flower Extracts. Columbus, OH: CFAES.
Vu, D., & To, D. (2022). Variations in Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Clitoria ternatea Flowers and Leaves. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 6(9). DOI: https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v6i9.32
Vuong, T. T., &Hongsprabhas, P. (2021). Influences of pH on binding mechanisms of anthocyanins from butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) with whey powder and whey protein isolate. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 7(1), 1889098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2021.1889098
Wang, L., & Liu, Y. (2009). Optimization of solvent extraction conditions for total carotenoids in rapeseed using response surface methodology. Natural Science, 1(01), 23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2009.11005
Zhang, J., Wang, L. S., Gao, J. M., Shu, Q. Y., Li, C. H., Yao, J., & Zhang, J. J. (2008). Determination of anthocyanins and exploration of relationship between their composition and petal coloration in crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia hybrid). Journal of integrative plant biology, 50(5), 581-588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00649.x