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Abstract
This study explored the soil as a rich source of microorganisms capable of creating novel antibacterial chemicals in an effort to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The isolation process involved careful collection and laboratory cultivation of a variety of soil samples from garbage, gardens, and agricultural settings. The techniques used for characterization included biochemical examination of metabolic characteristics, spore staining, lactophenol cotton blue staining, and Gram-tag staining. Using the well diffusion technique, the antibiotic-producing capacities of the strains were evaluated. Notable antibacterial activity was found for four bacterial isolates (B2, B5, B6, and B9) and seven fungal strains (2F, 3F, 4F, 5F, 7F, 9F, 10F, and 11F). Precise soil sampling and complex microbe cultivation and characterization are major obstacles. The unique aspect of the work is how well antibiotic-producing bacteria were isolated and described from a variety of soil samples, underscoring the possibility of using natural habitats as sources of novel antimicrobial agents. The detected antibacterial activity emphasizes how crucial it is to carry out additional research to combat antibiotic resistance. This study provides opportunities for additional research into the unexplored potential of soil microorganisms for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
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References
- Abdulkadir, M. & Waliyu, S. (2012). Screening and isolation of the soil bacteria for ability to produce antibiotics. European Journal of applied sciences, 4(5), 211-215.
- Adwan, G. & Mhanna, M. (2008). Synergistic effects of plant extracts and antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens. Middle–East J Sci Res.;3(3):134–139.
- Aghamirian, M. R. & Ghiasian, S. A. (2009). Isolation and characterization of medically important aerobic actinomycetes in soil of Iran (2006-2007). The open microbiology journal, 3, 53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285800903010053
- Arifuzzaman, M., Khatun, M. R., & Rahman, H. (2010). Isolation and screening of actinomycetes from Sundarbans soil for antibacterial activity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(29), 4615-4619.
- Béahdy, J. (1974). Recent developments of antibiotic research and classification of antibiotics according to chemical structure. Advances in applied microbiology, 18, 309-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70573-2
- Bizuye, A., Moges, F., & Andualem, B. (2013). Isolation and screening of antibiotic producing actinomycetes from soils in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. Asian Pacific journal of tropical disease, 3(5), 375-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60087-0
- Brock, T. D. & Madigan, M. T. (1991). Biology of Microorganisms.6th edn. Prentice-Hall InternationalInc., USA.
- D’aversa, G. & Stern, G. A. (1997). Peptide antibiotics: vancomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B. Textbook of ocular pharmacology (eds. TJ Zimmerman, KS Kooner, M. Sharir and RD Fechtner), 549-552.
- Dixon, R. (2006). The Genetic Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism in Bacteria. New York: Horizon Scientific Press.
- Fay, G. D. & Barry, A. L. (1974). Methods for detecting indole production by gram-negative Non spore forming anaerobes. Applied microbiology, 27(3), 562-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.27.3.562-565.1974
- Fischer, H. P., Brunner, N. A., Wieland, B., Paquette, J., Macko, L., Ziegelbauer, K. & Freiberg, C. (2004). Identification of antibiotic stress-inducible promoters: a systematic approach to novel pathway-specific reporter assays for antibacterial drug discovery. Genome research, 14(1), 90-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1275704
- Genilloud, O. (2017). Actinomycetes: still a source of novel antibiotics. Natural product reports, 34(10), 1203-1232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NP00026J
- Gislin, D., Sudarsanam, D., Raj, G. A. & Baskar, K. (2018). Antibacterial activity of soil bacteria isolated from Kochi, India and their molecular identification. Journal of genetic engineering and biotechnology, 16(2), 287-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.05.010
- MacFaddin, J. F. (1980). Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria, 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 345-370.
- Marahiel, M. A., Nakano, M. M. & Zabar, P. (1993). Regulation of peptide antibiotic production in Bacillus. Mol Micro7, 631-636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01154.x
- Procópio, R. E. D. L., Silva, I. R. D., Martins, M. K., Azevedo, J. L. D. & Araújo, J. M. D. (2012). Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, 466-471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014
- Rahman, M. A., Islam, M. Z., & Islam, M. A. U. (2011). Antibacterial activities of actinomycete isolates collected from soils of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Biotechnology research international, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/857925
- Reza Dehnad, A., Yeganeh, L. P., Bakhshi, R., Mokhtarzadeh, A., Soofiani, S., Monadi, A. R., & Abusov, R. (2010). Investigation of antibacterial activity of Streptomycetes isolates from soil samples, west of Iran. Afr J Microbiol Res, 4, 1685-93.
- Shapiro, E. & Baneyx, F. (2002). Stress-based identification and classification of antibacterial agents: second-generation Escherichia coli reporter strains and optimization of detection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46(8), 2490-2497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.8.2490-2497.2002
- Williams, S.T., Locci, R., Beswick, A., Kurtboke, D.I., Kuznetsov, V.D., Lemonnior, F.J. & Long, P.F. (1993). Detection and identification of novel actinomycetes. Res Microbiol, 144(8): 653-656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0923-2508(93)90069-E
References
Abdulkadir, M. & Waliyu, S. (2012). Screening and isolation of the soil bacteria for ability to produce antibiotics. European Journal of applied sciences, 4(5), 211-215.
Adwan, G. & Mhanna, M. (2008). Synergistic effects of plant extracts and antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens. Middle–East J Sci Res.;3(3):134–139.
Aghamirian, M. R. & Ghiasian, S. A. (2009). Isolation and characterization of medically important aerobic actinomycetes in soil of Iran (2006-2007). The open microbiology journal, 3, 53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285800903010053
Arifuzzaman, M., Khatun, M. R., & Rahman, H. (2010). Isolation and screening of actinomycetes from Sundarbans soil for antibacterial activity. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(29), 4615-4619.
Béahdy, J. (1974). Recent developments of antibiotic research and classification of antibiotics according to chemical structure. Advances in applied microbiology, 18, 309-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70573-2
Bizuye, A., Moges, F., & Andualem, B. (2013). Isolation and screening of antibiotic producing actinomycetes from soils in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. Asian Pacific journal of tropical disease, 3(5), 375-381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60087-0
Brock, T. D. & Madigan, M. T. (1991). Biology of Microorganisms.6th edn. Prentice-Hall InternationalInc., USA.
D’aversa, G. & Stern, G. A. (1997). Peptide antibiotics: vancomycin, bacitracin, and polymyxin B. Textbook of ocular pharmacology (eds. TJ Zimmerman, KS Kooner, M. Sharir and RD Fechtner), 549-552.
Dixon, R. (2006). The Genetic Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism in Bacteria. New York: Horizon Scientific Press.
Fay, G. D. & Barry, A. L. (1974). Methods for detecting indole production by gram-negative Non spore forming anaerobes. Applied microbiology, 27(3), 562-565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.27.3.562-565.1974
Fischer, H. P., Brunner, N. A., Wieland, B., Paquette, J., Macko, L., Ziegelbauer, K. & Freiberg, C. (2004). Identification of antibiotic stress-inducible promoters: a systematic approach to novel pathway-specific reporter assays for antibacterial drug discovery. Genome research, 14(1), 90-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.1275704
Genilloud, O. (2017). Actinomycetes: still a source of novel antibiotics. Natural product reports, 34(10), 1203-1232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NP00026J
Gislin, D., Sudarsanam, D., Raj, G. A. & Baskar, K. (2018). Antibacterial activity of soil bacteria isolated from Kochi, India and their molecular identification. Journal of genetic engineering and biotechnology, 16(2), 287-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.05.010
MacFaddin, J. F. (1980). Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria, 2nd ed. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 345-370.
Marahiel, M. A., Nakano, M. M. & Zabar, P. (1993). Regulation of peptide antibiotic production in Bacillus. Mol Micro7, 631-636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01154.x
Procópio, R. E. D. L., Silva, I. R. D., Martins, M. K., Azevedo, J. L. D. & Araújo, J. M. D. (2012). Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 16, 466-471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014
Rahman, M. A., Islam, M. Z., & Islam, M. A. U. (2011). Antibacterial activities of actinomycete isolates collected from soils of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Biotechnology research international, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/857925
Reza Dehnad, A., Yeganeh, L. P., Bakhshi, R., Mokhtarzadeh, A., Soofiani, S., Monadi, A. R., & Abusov, R. (2010). Investigation of antibacterial activity of Streptomycetes isolates from soil samples, west of Iran. Afr J Microbiol Res, 4, 1685-93.
Shapiro, E. & Baneyx, F. (2002). Stress-based identification and classification of antibacterial agents: second-generation Escherichia coli reporter strains and optimization of detection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46(8), 2490-2497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.8.2490-2497.2002
Williams, S.T., Locci, R., Beswick, A., Kurtboke, D.I., Kuznetsov, V.D., Lemonnior, F.J. & Long, P.F. (1993). Detection and identification of novel actinomycetes. Res Microbiol, 144(8): 653-656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0923-2508(93)90069-E