Article Sidebar

Submitted
June 28, 2001
Published
December 15, 2001
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 65 Download : 92

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

The  concentration  of  nitrates  in ground  water  is observed  to  be  increasing  in  the  world  in general  and  Asian countries  in  particular. Ground  water  is still  a man source  of  drinking  water  especially  in rural  areas  of  Asian countries.  Nitrates  are known to  cause methaemoglobinemia  in babies and intestinal  cancer due to formation of nitrosamines  in general  population. Several treatment  processes  for the  removal  of nitrates  from  drinking water have  been  studied.   These  processes  comprise;  vegetative   de-nitrification,   reverse   osmosis,  electrodialysis, catalytic  reduction,  chemical reduction,  ion exchange  and biological denitrification.  Combinations  of two  methods like  combined  ion  exchange-biological  denitrification   have  also  been  studied.  Every  method  have  merits  and demerits,  however,  the methods  based  on  ion  exchange  for  the  removal  of  nitrates  from  drinking  water  and regeneration of  resin  by  biological  denitriflcation  appear to  have edge  over  other  methods.  This  communication presents  a review  on existing denitrification processes  and spells out needs for future research.

Keywords

Nitrate Denitrification Drinking water Pollution

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2001 Environment Conservation Journal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Hasan, S., & Pande, S. P. (2001). Removal of Nitrate from Drinking Water-A Review. Environment Conservation Journal, 2(2&3), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2001.022304
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

References

  1. Adhikari S. K., Narayanan P. K., Thampy S. K., Dave N. J., Chauhan D. K. and lndu Sekhar V. K. 1991 Desaliantion of Brackish Water of Higher salinity by Electordialysis. Desaliantion and Water Reuse 4, 189-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(91)85129-I
  2. Akunna J. C., Bizeau C. and Maletta 1993. Nitrate and nitrite reductions with anaerobic aludge using various carbon sources: Glucose, Glycerol, acetic acid, Lactic acid and Methanol. Wat Res. 27, 1303-1312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(93)90217-6
  3. Arthur W. Hounslow. 1995. Water Quality Data, Analysis and Interpretation. CRC Lewis Publishers.
  4. Bandpi A. M. and Elliott D. J. 1996. Nitrate removal from groundwater using an anoxic aerobic rotating biological contactor. Water Scl TechnoL 34, 323-330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0387
  5. Bandpi A. M. and Elliott D. J. 1998. Groundwater denitrification with alternative carbon sources. Water sci. Technol. 38, 237-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0257
  6. Barlog F. 1980. Nitrate in trinkwasserursachen and problemlosungen. Chem. Rdsch. 33,3-16.
  7. Barrenstein A., Kramer U. and Obermann P. 1986. Underground treatment of nitrate rich ground water by infiltration with treated wastewater, or methane rich natural gas.DVGW- Schriftenreihe, Wasser, Frankfort, West Germany, 106, 99-116.
  8. Batrchelor B., and Lawrence A. W. 1978. A kinetic model for autotrophic denitrification using elemental sulfur. Wat. Res. 12(12), 1075-1084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(78)90053-2
  9. Cheng I. F., Muftikian, Fernando Q. and Korte N. 1997. Reduction of nitrate to ammonia by zero valent iron. Chemosphere. 35 (11), 2689-2695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00275-0
  10. Chew Chin, F. and Zhang , T.C., 1998. In Situ Remediation of Nitrate Contaminated Ground Water by Electrokinetics/ Iron Wall Process. Wat Sci Tedi. 38, 135-142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0286
  11. Christensson M., Lie E. and Welander T. 1994. A comparison between ethanol and methanol as carbon sources for denitrification. Wat. Sci. Technol. 30, 83-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0255
  12. Claus G. and Kutzner H. J. 1985. Autotrophic denitrification Thiobacillus denitrificans. Appl. Microbiology and Biotechnology. 22, 289-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00252031
  13. Clifford D and Liu Y. 1993. Ion exchange for nitrate removal.JAWWA. 85(4) 135-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05971.x
  14. Dahab M. F., Guler G. A. and Rogalla F. 1991 Experience with nitrate treatment in the United States and Europe. Proceedings Annual Conference American Water Works Association, Philadelphia, PA. June 23­-27.
  15. Dahab M. F. and Kalagiri J. 1996. Nitrate removal from water using cyclically operated fixed film bio­ denitrification reactors. Wal Scl Technol. 34, 331-338. · DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0388
  16. Dahab M. F. and Woodbury B. L. 1998. Biological treatment Options for nitrate removal from drinking water, AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop. San Antonio, TX, February 22-24
  17. De. Roo H. C. 1980. Nitrate fluctuation in groundwater as influenced by use of fertilizer ConnecticutAgr. Exp. Station, University of Connecticut, New Haven. CT Bull. 779.
  18. Deguin A. 1982. Elimination des nitrates par echange d'ions dans les eaux potables;Mise en equations du procede. Trib Cebedeau. 35, 35-51.
  19. Delanghe B., Nakamura F., Myoga H., Magara Y. and Guibal E. 1994. Drinking water denitrification in a membranebioreactor. Water Sci.Technol.30, 157-160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0263
  20. Engler R. M. and Patrick W. H.Jr. 1974. Nitrate, removal from floodwater overlying flooded soils and sediments. J. Environ. Qual. 4,409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1974.00472425000300040025x
  21. Fennessy M. S. and Cronk J. K. 1997. The effectiveness and restoration potential of riparian ecotones for the management of non-point source pollution, particularly nitrate. Critical Reviews in Environmental Sci & Technol. 27 (4), 285-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389709388502
  22. Flere J. M . and Zhang T. C. 1999. Nitrate removal with sulfur- limestone autotrophicdenitrification processes. J. of Env. Engineerign. 125,721-729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:8(721)
  23. Flis J. 1991. Stress corrosion cracking of structural steels in nitrate solutions. In: J. Flis (ed.) Corrosion of Metals and Hydrogen- Related Phenomena. 57-94. Materials Science Monographs, 59, Elsever Amsterdam, NL.
  24. Fonseca A. D., Crespa J. et al. 2000. Drinking water denitrification using a nova! ion exchange membrane Bioreactor. En. Sci. Technol. 34, 1557-1562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es9910762
  25. Frick B. R. and Richard Y. 1985. Experience with biological denitrification in a full Scale drinking water treatment plant. Vom Wasser. 64, 145-154.
  26. Fried J. J. 1991. Nitrates and their control in EEC aquatic environment. In: I. Bogardi and R.D. Kuzelca, (eds.) Nitrate Contamination: Exposure, Consequence and Control. Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 3-II. Fritsche U. 1993. Removal of nitrate and other anions from water by yellow Bismuth Hydroxide.J. Environ. Sci. Health. A 28 (9), 1903-1913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76040-2_1
  27. Gauntlett R. B. 1975. Nitrate removal from water by ion exchange. Water Treatment and Examination, 24, 172-193.
  28. Gayle B. P., Boardman G. D., Sherreard J. H. and Benoit R.E. I 989. Biological denitrification of water. J. Envir. Engrg. ASCE, 115(5), 930-943. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1989)115:5(930)
  29. Ginocchio J. 1984. Nitrate levels in drinking water are becoming too high. Water Services, Switzerland. 88, 143-147.
  30. Gopal R., Bhargava T. N. and Bhatti O.P. 1977. Nitrates in well waters ofRajasthan. Curr. Agric. 1 (3), 57.
  31. Gros H. and Treutler K. 1986. Biological denitrification process with hydrogen oxidizing bacteria for drinking water treatment. Aqua, London, England, 5,288-290.
  32. Gros H., Schnoor G. and Ruttan P. 1986. Nitrate removal from groundwater by autotrophic microorganisms. Water Supply. 4, 11-21.
  33. Gros H. and Ginocchio J. 1982. Biological nitrification and denitrification on submerged mixing elements. Gas Wasser Abwasser, Zurich, Switzerland, 67, 312-321.
  34. Gupta S. C. 198 I. Evaluation of quality of well waters in Udaipur District. Indian Jour. Environ. Hlth. 23(3), 195-202.
  35. Guter G. A. 1982. Removal ofNitratefrom Contaminated Water Supplies for Public Use. Report EPA- 600/S2- 82-042, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio.
  36. Guter G. A. 198 1. Removal of Nitrate from Contaminated Water Supplies for Public Use. EPA-600/$2-81/029, April, 1981 Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, Ohio.
  37. Hammer M. J. 1991. Water and Wastewater Technology. 2nd edition.
  38. Hamzah Ziad Abu Gharah. I996. Biological denitrification of high nitrate water: Influence of type of carbon source and nitrate loading. J. En. Sci. & lllth. A31 (7), 1651-1668. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529609376448
  39. Handa B. K., Goel D. K., Kumar A. and Sondhi T. N. 1982. Pollution of Ground Waters by Nitrates in Uttar Pradesh. IAWPC Tech. Annual. IX, 95-103.
  40. Hill M. J., Hawksworth G. and Tatttersall G. 1973. Bacteria, Nitrosamines and cancer of stomach. Br. J. Cancer. 28, 562-567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1973.186
  41. Hiscock K. M., Llyod J. W and lemer D. N. 1991. Review of natural and artificial denitrification of groundwater. Wat. Res. 25 (9), 1099- 1111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(91)90203-3
  42. Hoek J.P. Van der and Klapwijk A. 1987. Nitrate removal from groundwater. Wat. Res. 21 (8), 989-997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(87)80018-0
  43. Hoek J. P. van der and Klapwijk A. 1985. Biological/ physical chemical methods for nitrate removal from groundwater. PT Procestec/miek. 40, 22-25.
  44. Hoek J. P., rnn der and Klapwijk A. 1986. Feasibility study to biological/physical chemical nitrate removal from ground water. H,0 19, 53-58.
  45. Hoek J.P. and van der 1985. Biological/physical chemical nitrate removal from groundwater- an environmental and financial attractive alternative. Proceedings of the congress "Nitrates in Water". SITE 85, 22-24. October.
  46. Hoek J. P., van der. Kappelhof J. W. N. M. and Hijnen W. A. M. 1992. Biological nitrate removal from ground water by sulphur/ime stone denitrificaton. J Chemical Technol. and Biotechnol. 54 (2), 197-200.
  47. Hoek J. P.. van der, Hoek W. F., van der and Klapwijk A. 1998. Nitrate removal from ground water - Use of nitrate selective resin and low concentrated regenerate. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 37, 41-43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226478
  48. Hoell W. and Feuerstein W. 1985. Combined Hardness and Nitrate/ sulphate removal from ground water by the carix ion exchange process. Water Supply. 3, 199-209.
  49. Horold S., Tacke C. and Vorlop K. D. 1993. Catalytical removal of nitrate and nitrite from drinking water- I: screening for hydrogenation catalysis and influence of reaction conditions on activity and selectivity. Environmental Technology 14, 931-939. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593339309385367
  50. Hounslow A. W. 1995. Water Quality Data, Analysis and Interpretation. CRC Lewis Publishers.
  51. House of Lords 1989. Nitrate in Water. 16th Report, Session 1988-1989 of the Select Committee on the European Communities. HMSO, London.
  52. Indushekhar V. K. Trivedi G. S. and Shah B.G, 1991. Removal of nitrate by electrodialysis desalination and water Re-use. volume 4, Proc. of Twelfth International Symposium. Institute of Chemical Engineers Rugby U.K., 15-18 April 1991.
  53. Kinoshita K. 1988. Carbon- Electrochemical and Physicochemical Properties. John, Wiley and Sons, New York.
  54. Knowles R. 1982. Denitrification. Microbiological Rev. 46(1), 43 -70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.46.1.43-70.1982
  55. Kurt M., Dunn I. J. and Bourne J. R. l987. Biological denitrification of drinking water using autotrophic organisms with hydrogen in fluidized bed bio film reactor.Biotechnology Bioengineering. 29,493-501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260290414
  56. La Motta, Diaz E. and Andrade Salgado A. 1985. Autotrophic denitrification using sulphides. Plitechnica, Quito, Ecuador. 10, 65-76.
  57. Lewandowski 1., Bakke R. and Characklis W. G. 1987. Nitrification and autotrophic denitrification in calcium alginate beads. Water Sci. Technol. 19, 175 -182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0199
  58. Liang S., Mann M.A., Guter G. A., Kim P. H. S. and Hardean D. L. 1999.J4WA. 91 (2), 79-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08587.x
  59. Liessens J., Gennonpre R., Beernaert S. and Verstraete W. 1993. Removing nitrate with a methyotrophic fluidized bed: Technology and Operating Performance..J.AWWA. 85, 144-154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1993.tb05972.x
  60. Lin S. H. and Wu C. L. 1997. Nitrate removal from aqueous solution by ion exchange. Environ. Sci. Health. A32 (5), 1575-1589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529709376627
  61. Lunkad S. K. 1994. Rising nitrate levels in groundwater and increasing N-fertilizer consumption.Bhu-Jal News, 4-10.
  62. Majumdar D. and Gupta N. 2002. Nitrate pollution to groundwater and associated human health disorders. Indian J. Environ. Hlth. 42, 28-39.
  63. Marquardt 0. K. 1987. Reverse osmosis for removing nitrate from water.Aqua, 1, 39-44. Martin G. 1982. Biological Denitrification of Water. Patent application 79/10154 France. Mason B. and Moore C. B. 1985. Principles of Geochemistry. Wiley Easstern Ltd. 350.
  64. Miquel A. F. and Oldani M. A. 1991 Newly developed process for nitrate removal from drinking water. In: I. Bogardi and R. F. Kuzelka. (eds.) Nitrate Contamination: Expouse, Consequence and Control. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Gennany. pp 385-394. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76040-2_28
  65. Murphy P. 199I. Chemical removal of nitrate from Water.Nature. 350, 223-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/350223a0
  66. Nixon N. 1992. English water utility tackles nitat4 removal. Water Engrg. Mgmt. 139, 27-28.
  67. Ottley C. J., Davison W. and Edmonds W. M. 1997. Chemical catalysis of nitrate reduces by iron (ii) Geochimical et. Cosmochimica Acta. 61, 1819-1828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00058-6
  68. Pandey S. P., Narayanswamy V. S. and Hasan M. Z. 1979. Quality of well waters ofNagpur with special regard to Nitrates and Nitrites. Indian Jour. Environ. Hlth.21, 35-46.
  69. Pepin-Lahellur J. 1930. Reduction of metallic nitrates and nitrated organic compounds in Acid medium..Ann. Acad Brasil Sci. 2,31-2
  70. Routenbach R. and Kopp W. 1986. Separation of nitrate from well water by membrane process (reverse osmosis/eleetrodialysis reversal). Aqua, 5, 279-282.
  71. Reddy K. R., Patrick W .H. and Phillips R. 1978. The role of nitrate diffusion in determining the order and rate of denitrification in flooded soil. I-Experimented results. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42, 268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200020012x
  72. Reevs T. G. 1972 Nitrogen removal - a literature review.JWPCF. 44(10)1895-1908.
  73. Richard Y. and Leprince A. 1982. Pollution per les nitrates: traitments disponibles. Trib Cebedeau. 35, 21-33.
  74. Richard Y. et al. 1980. Denitrification of water for human consumption. Progress in Water Tech. Oxford, England, 12, 173-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-8438-5.50017-0
  75. Sakakibara Y., Araki K., Kuroda M, Tanaka T and Watanabe T. 1994. Denitrification and neutralization with an electrochemical and biological reactor. Water Sci Technol. 30, 151-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0262
  76. Schepers J. S., Frank K. D. and watts D.G. 1984. Influence of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on groundwater quality. Proceeding Int. Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Hamburg, West Germay. 21-32.
  77. Schippers L. A., Copper A. B., Harfoot C. G. and Dyck W. J. I 993. Regulators of denitrification in an organic riparian soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 25, 925. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(93)90095-S
  78. Schippers J. C., Kriuth J. C., Mulder F.G. and van Lieshout J. W. 1987. Removal of nitrate by slow sulfur (limestone filtration). 4qua, 5, 274-280.
  79. Segall D. A. and Bruell C. J. 1992. Electroosmotic contaminant - Removal process.J. ofEnv. Engr. I 18, I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1992)118:1(84)
  80. Sell M. B., Feist H. R., Behling R. D., Kneifel K. and Peinemann K. V. 1993. Proceedings of the MembraneTechnology Conference. American Water Works Association, Baltimore, MD. pp I-4.
  81. Siantar D. P., Schreir C. G., Chou C. S. and Reinhard M. 1996. Treatment of 1, 2 dibromo-3-chloropropane and nitrate- contaminated water with zero valent Iron or hydrogen / palladium catalysts. Wat Res. 30, 2315­-2322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(96)00120-0
  82. Soares M. I. M., Belkin S. and Abeliovich A. 1988. Biological groundwater denitrification: laboratory studies. Waater Sci. Technol. 20(3), 189-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0098
  83. Soares M. I. M., Braester C., Belkin S. and Abeliovich A. 1991. Denitrification in laboratory sand columns: carbon regime, gas accumulation and hydraulic properties. Wat. Res. 25, 325-332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(91)90013-G
  84. Sontheimer H., Cornel P., Fettig J. and Rolunann U., 1982. Grundwasserveru.rreinigung- Bedrohung fur die offentliche Wasserversorgung 2. GWF- Wass. Abwass. 123,521-530.
  85. Sorg T. J. 1979. Nitrate removal from drinking water. EPA Seminar on Nitrates in Ground Water. Kansas City, Mo, 3-4 October.
  86. Sova R. J. 1986. The Chemical Removal of Nitrate from Water Supplies Using Ferrous Sulfates and Pickle Liquor. MS Thesis, Univ of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebr.
  87. Spalding R. F. and Exner M. E. 199 I. Nitrate contamination in the contiguous United States. In: Bogardi and R.D. Kuzelca (eds.) Nitrate Contamination: Exposure, Consequences and Control. Springer - Verlag, Gennany. pp 13-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76040-2_2
  88. Spalding R. F. and Exner M. E. 1993. Occurrence of nitrate in groundwater- a review.J.Envir. Quality, 22, 392-402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1993.00472425002200030002x
  89. Stumn W. and Morgan J. 1996. Aquatic Chemistry. Chemical Equilibrium and Rates in Natural Waters. Wiley 3rd edn. New York, p. 1022.
  90. Szabo A. G. and Bartha L. G. 1 9 5 1. Silver catalysts in the reduction of nitrates by Ferrous Hydroxide. Acta Chem Hung. 1, 116.
  91. Todd R. L., Lowrance R. R., Hendrickson 0., Asmussen, L. E. Leonard R., Fail, J. and Herrick B. 1983. Riparian vegetation as filters of nutrients exported from a coastal plain agricultural watershed In: R. R. Lowrance, R. L. Todd, L. E. Asmussen and R. A. Leomard (eds.) Nutrient Cycling in Agricultural Ecosystems. The University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Station Special Publication.23, 485.
  92. Tree Buffer protects Groundwater at contaminated site. 1994. Water en. Technol. 6, 15-16.
  93. White D. A., Labayru R., Obermoller H. R., and Deryde X. 1991. The application of inorganic membranes to electrodialysis process. Desalination and Water Reuse. 4, 177-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(91)85128-H
  94. Wilson W. S., Ball A. S. and Hinton R. H. 1999. Managing Risks of Nitrates to Human and the Environment. The Royal Society of Chemistry. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845693206
  95. Young G. K., Bungay H. R, Brown L. N. and Parsons W.A. 1964. Chemical reduction of nitrate in water. JWPCF 36, 395-398.
  96. Young K. 1975. Geology: The Paradox ofEarth and Man. Houghton Miffin, Boston.
  97. Zawaideh L. L. and Zhang T. C. 1998. The effects of pH and addition of an organic buffer (HEPES) on nitrate transformation in Fe" water systems. Wat. Sci. Tech. 38 107-115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0283