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Abstract
In the new millennium and with the advent of high yielding varieties of paddy, the use of various pesticides, some of which may be in minute quantities are highly toxic to aquatic life. Fish culture, therefore, is not more compatible with paddy farming wherever the latest high yielding varieties of paddy are cultivated. Champaran (Bihar) is known to be an area of high quality yielding rice and are even exported to several countries. There are numerous swampy and derelict lentic water bodies in this area. In recent years. however, attempts are being made in the fish culture to utilize the vast swampy and derelict water area for immediate use for the benefit of the poor, without getting involved in to costly reclamation process. Despite of poor and unorganized capture fishery, the percent yield was estimated to be good. The fishes like Channa, Heteropneust, Anabus, Clarius and even some Carps are being cultured in the paddy fields as well as in the water bodies of this area. By virtue of their hardy nature and air breathing habits in many cases, they are excellent material not only for utilizing swampy and derelict water bodies but also in paddy fields as they permit high stocking density and respond to supplementary feeding. Their production potential is by and large directly proportional to inputs and intensity of operational management. Despite of good inputs of these commercial fishes, the potential toxic compounds in various chemicals used for agricultural and other domestic purposes get distributed by a variety of means and accumulate concentrations in the soil and water. These accumulated organic compounds lower the DO level and does not support fish life. Fish species are far from being biochemical inert. As a matter of facts several pesticides are known to induce microsomal enzyme systems in the liver of fish. Physiology, biochemistry and pathology has enabled us to assess the toxicity of the water body with fish and in these circumstances, fish can be used as an indicator of water quality.
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References
- A.P.H.A.. A.A.W.A. and W.P.C.F. 1985. StandardMethods for the Examination of Water and Wast~water. 16 ed. APHA.Washington D.C
- Dinald R. M.. Allen H. G., Alian L.. Mariann W., Karli H. and Copius P. S. 1983. Femal reproductive system In: T.W Clarkson, G. F. Norberg and P. R.Sager (eds.). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of metals. plenum .Press. London. pp, 43.91.
- Doudoroff P., Anderson B. G, Burdic G. E., Galts rofr P.S., Hart W.B.. Patrick P. Strong S. R. Surber F. W. and Van Hor, W. M. I95LIn: C. A. Edward (ed), Emironmental Pollution hy Pesticides. Plenum press. London. N.Y. pp 218
- Devi A. . P.. Rao D. M R., Tilak K. S. and Murty A. S. 198 1 Relative toxicity of the technical grade material isomers and formulations of end'sulfan to the fish Channa punctata. Ellis M.M. 1937. Detection and Measurement of Stream Pollution. U.S. Bur. Fish Bull. (Bull. No.2). 48, 365-437.
- Finney D. J. 1981 . Probit Analysis Edn. Cambridge University Press. N.Y. (Indian Reprint, 1 981)
- Haider S. and Inbaraj R. M. 1986. Relative toxicity of technical material and commercial formulation of malathion and endosulfan to a fresh water fish Channa punctata (Bloch). Eetoxicol. & Environ-Safety. 11,347-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(86)90107-7
- Herbert, D. W . M. and Sharben D. S. 1964. The toxicity to fish of mixtures of poisons. Ann. Appl. Biol. 53, 33-41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1964.tb03778.x
- Jones J R. E. 1964. Fish and River Pollution. Butterworth London
- Kumar MI989 Effect ofSome Pesticide on an Air Breathing and Water Breathing Fsh (a comparative study) PhD. thesis, Bihar University, Muzaffarpur.
- Lunn C. R., Toews D. P. and Pree D. J 1979. Effects of three pesticides on respiration coughing and heart rate of rainbow trout Salmogairdner richardson. Can. J. Zool. 54, 214-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z76-023
- Pickring Q. H.. Handerson C and lenka, A. K. 1962. The toxicity of organophosphrus insecticides to different species of warmwater fish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 91, 175-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[175:TTOOPI]2.0.CO;2
- Ray P. K. and Munshi, J S. D. 1988 Oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a fresh water major carp. Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). in fresh and malathion treated water. J. Environ. Biol. 9 (1), 5-13.
- Saitha D.. Sahib I. K. A and Rao K. V. R. 1981. Toxicity of technical and commercial grade malathion to fish, Tlapia mossambica. Proe. Indian Acad. Sci 90 (1), 87-92.
- Singh V. P., Gupta S. and Saxena P. K. 1984. Evaluation of acute toxicity of carbaryl and malathion to fresh water teleosts, Channa puntatus (Bloch) and Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch). Toxicol. Letters. 2, 271-276. Srivastava A. K. and Srivastava A. K. 1988. Effects ofaldrin and malathion on blood chloride in the Indian Cal fish H. fossils. J. Eviron. Biol 9 (1 supl.), 91-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(84)90159-0
- Toor H. S., Mehta K. and Chinna S. 1973 Toxicity of insecticides (Commerical formulation) to the exotic fish common carp, Cyprinus carpio communia (L). J. Resp. (PAU) Indian. 10, 341-345.
References
A.P.H.A.. A.A.W.A. and W.P.C.F. 1985. StandardMethods for the Examination of Water and Wast~water. 16 ed. APHA.Washington D.C
Dinald R. M.. Allen H. G., Alian L.. Mariann W., Karli H. and Copius P. S. 1983. Femal reproductive system In: T.W Clarkson, G. F. Norberg and P. R.Sager (eds.). Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of metals. plenum .Press. London. pp, 43.91.
Doudoroff P., Anderson B. G, Burdic G. E., Galts rofr P.S., Hart W.B.. Patrick P. Strong S. R. Surber F. W. and Van Hor, W. M. I95LIn: C. A. Edward (ed), Emironmental Pollution hy Pesticides. Plenum press. London. N.Y. pp 218
Devi A. . P.. Rao D. M R., Tilak K. S. and Murty A. S. 198 1 Relative toxicity of the technical grade material isomers and formulations of end'sulfan to the fish Channa punctata. Ellis M.M. 1937. Detection and Measurement of Stream Pollution. U.S. Bur. Fish Bull. (Bull. No.2). 48, 365-437.
Finney D. J. 1981 . Probit Analysis Edn. Cambridge University Press. N.Y. (Indian Reprint, 1 981)
Haider S. and Inbaraj R. M. 1986. Relative toxicity of technical material and commercial formulation of malathion and endosulfan to a fresh water fish Channa punctata (Bloch). Eetoxicol. & Environ-Safety. 11,347-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(86)90107-7
Herbert, D. W . M. and Sharben D. S. 1964. The toxicity to fish of mixtures of poisons. Ann. Appl. Biol. 53, 33-41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1964.tb03778.x
Jones J R. E. 1964. Fish and River Pollution. Butterworth London
Kumar MI989 Effect ofSome Pesticide on an Air Breathing and Water Breathing Fsh (a comparative study) PhD. thesis, Bihar University, Muzaffarpur.
Lunn C. R., Toews D. P. and Pree D. J 1979. Effects of three pesticides on respiration coughing and heart rate of rainbow trout Salmogairdner richardson. Can. J. Zool. 54, 214-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z76-023
Pickring Q. H.. Handerson C and lenka, A. K. 1962. The toxicity of organophosphrus insecticides to different species of warmwater fish. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 91, 175-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1962)91[175:TTOOPI]2.0.CO;2
Ray P. K. and Munshi, J S. D. 1988 Oxygen consumption and ventilation rate of a fresh water major carp. Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). in fresh and malathion treated water. J. Environ. Biol. 9 (1), 5-13.
Saitha D.. Sahib I. K. A and Rao K. V. R. 1981. Toxicity of technical and commercial grade malathion to fish, Tlapia mossambica. Proe. Indian Acad. Sci 90 (1), 87-92.
Singh V. P., Gupta S. and Saxena P. K. 1984. Evaluation of acute toxicity of carbaryl and malathion to fresh water teleosts, Channa puntatus (Bloch) and Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch). Toxicol. Letters. 2, 271-276. Srivastava A. K. and Srivastava A. K. 1988. Effects ofaldrin and malathion on blood chloride in the Indian Cal fish H. fossils. J. Eviron. Biol 9 (1 supl.), 91-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(84)90159-0
Toor H. S., Mehta K. and Chinna S. 1973 Toxicity of insecticides (Commerical formulation) to the exotic fish common carp, Cyprinus carpio communia (L). J. Resp. (PAU) Indian. 10, 341-345.