Main Article Content
Abstract
Neem Indian lilac, Azadirecta Indica is renewable resource of various useful product. Today it is being used in a variety of products, such as in the field of Agriculture, Medicine, toileteries, cosmetics livestock, production and health etc. Acute toxicity of neem seed powder (Neemax) was studied using fresh water fish Rasbora daniconius. Excess amount of Neemax showed acute toxicity on the various organ of fish liver, gills and kidney.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2004 Environment Conservation Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Ambrose, T. 1995 Larvicidal efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica Linn.) oil and defatted cake on Culex quinquefasciatus say.Geobios Vol. 22(4): 169-173.
- Anjaneyulu, G.V.S.R., Sateesh T.V.R. and Mishra, K.D. 1998 Acute toxicity of Nimin (Neem based product) to the fingerlings of Labeo rohita, In: Ecology of polluted waters and Toxicology (Ed. Dr.K.D. Mishra). Technoscience Publications, Jaipur. P.P 232-238.
- Ali, B.H. and Salih, A.M.M. 1982 Suspected Azadirachta indica toxicity in sheep. Vet.Rel III : 494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.111.21.494
- Bhide, N.K. Mehta, D.J. and Lewis, H.A. 1958 Diuretic action of sodium nimbidinateIndian J. Med. Sci.12 : 156.
- Call, D.J., Brooke, L.T., Kent, R.J. ,Poirier. S.H., Knuth, M.L., Shubat, P.J. and Slik, E.J. 1987 Toxicity uptake and elimination of the herbicides alachlor and dinoseb in fresh water fish. J. Environ Quality. 13 (3) : 493-498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1984.00472425001300030033x
- Carlothays, 1910 E. Jardin botanico do Buchos- Ayers Jacobo Peuser, edit. 1910 Nota :173.
- Deshmuk P.B. and Pariyal, K.G. 1992 Acute toxicity of Neemarkh to a fresh water fish, Tilapia mossambica. Pestology, Vol. XVI No., 7, pp. 28-30.
- Fischer-Scherl, Andrea Veeser, Rudolf, W. Hoffimann, Christine Kuhnhauser, Rolf- Dieter Negele and Thomas Ewringmann. 1991 Morphological effect of Acute and chronic Atrazine exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 20 : 454-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065833
- Hemelrat, J. Herwig, H.J. Van.Donselaar, E.G. Holwerda, D.A. and Zandee, D.I. 1990 Effects of cadmium in freshwater clam. II Ultrastructural changes in the renal system of Anodonta cygnea. Arch.Environ. Contam. toxicol.19 : 691-698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01183986
- Isman, M.B., Kovl O.,Luczynski, A. and Kaminski , J. 1990. Insecticidal and antifeedant bioactivities of neem oils and their relationship to Azadirachtin content. J. Agri. Chem. 38 : 1406-1411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00096a024
- Kanungo, D. 1993. Pharmacology and Toxicology. Neem Research and development, (Eds. N.S. Randhawa and B.S. Parmar), Publication No, 3, Society of Pesticide Science, India,pp. 250-262.
- Kanungo, D. 1996 Pharmacology and Toxicology. In Neem Eds. N.S. Pradhan and B.S. Parmar : 298-309.
- Leino, R.L., Mc Cromick. J. H. and Jensen, K.M. 1990 Multiple effects of acid and aluminum on broodstock and progeny of fathead minnows with emphasis on histopathology. Can. J. Zool. 68: 234-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-035
- Nayak, Varsha and Mishra, K.D. 2001 : Ultrastructural and light microscopic study of detergent induced pathological alterations in certain organs of teleost :Punticusticto. A thesis sub- mitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology, Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) India.
- Rao, U.D. V.P. 1998. The histopathological effects of certain detergents on gill, liver and kidney of fingerlings of Labeo rohita. A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy on Zoology, Barkatullah Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) India.
- Sateesh, T.V.R. 1997 Toxicity of certrain fungicides on some target organs of fresh water fish Rasbora daniconius: A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) India.
- Wan, M.T., Watts, R.G., Isman, M.B. and Strub, R. 1996 Evaluation of the acute toxicity to Juvenile pacific Northwest Salmon of Azadirachtin, Neem extract, and Neem- Based Products. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56 : 432-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900062
References
Ambrose, T. 1995 Larvicidal efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica Linn.) oil and defatted cake on Culex quinquefasciatus say.Geobios Vol. 22(4): 169-173.
Anjaneyulu, G.V.S.R., Sateesh T.V.R. and Mishra, K.D. 1998 Acute toxicity of Nimin (Neem based product) to the fingerlings of Labeo rohita, In: Ecology of polluted waters and Toxicology (Ed. Dr.K.D. Mishra). Technoscience Publications, Jaipur. P.P 232-238.
Ali, B.H. and Salih, A.M.M. 1982 Suspected Azadirachta indica toxicity in sheep. Vet.Rel III : 494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.111.21.494
Bhide, N.K. Mehta, D.J. and Lewis, H.A. 1958 Diuretic action of sodium nimbidinateIndian J. Med. Sci.12 : 156.
Call, D.J., Brooke, L.T., Kent, R.J. ,Poirier. S.H., Knuth, M.L., Shubat, P.J. and Slik, E.J. 1987 Toxicity uptake and elimination of the herbicides alachlor and dinoseb in fresh water fish. J. Environ Quality. 13 (3) : 493-498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1984.00472425001300030033x
Carlothays, 1910 E. Jardin botanico do Buchos- Ayers Jacobo Peuser, edit. 1910 Nota :173.
Deshmuk P.B. and Pariyal, K.G. 1992 Acute toxicity of Neemarkh to a fresh water fish, Tilapia mossambica. Pestology, Vol. XVI No., 7, pp. 28-30.
Fischer-Scherl, Andrea Veeser, Rudolf, W. Hoffimann, Christine Kuhnhauser, Rolf- Dieter Negele and Thomas Ewringmann. 1991 Morphological effect of Acute and chronic Atrazine exposure in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Arch. Environ.Contam. Toxicol. 20 : 454-461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065833
Hemelrat, J. Herwig, H.J. Van.Donselaar, E.G. Holwerda, D.A. and Zandee, D.I. 1990 Effects of cadmium in freshwater clam. II Ultrastructural changes in the renal system of Anodonta cygnea. Arch.Environ. Contam. toxicol.19 : 691-698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01183986
Isman, M.B., Kovl O.,Luczynski, A. and Kaminski , J. 1990. Insecticidal and antifeedant bioactivities of neem oils and their relationship to Azadirachtin content. J. Agri. Chem. 38 : 1406-1411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00096a024
Kanungo, D. 1993. Pharmacology and Toxicology. Neem Research and development, (Eds. N.S. Randhawa and B.S. Parmar), Publication No, 3, Society of Pesticide Science, India,pp. 250-262.
Kanungo, D. 1996 Pharmacology and Toxicology. In Neem Eds. N.S. Pradhan and B.S. Parmar : 298-309.
Leino, R.L., Mc Cromick. J. H. and Jensen, K.M. 1990 Multiple effects of acid and aluminum on broodstock and progeny of fathead minnows with emphasis on histopathology. Can. J. Zool. 68: 234-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-035
Nayak, Varsha and Mishra, K.D. 2001 : Ultrastructural and light microscopic study of detergent induced pathological alterations in certain organs of teleost :Punticusticto. A thesis sub- mitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology, Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) India.
Rao, U.D. V.P. 1998. The histopathological effects of certain detergents on gill, liver and kidney of fingerlings of Labeo rohita. A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy on Zoology, Barkatullah Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) India.
Sateesh, T.V.R. 1997 Toxicity of certrain fungicides on some target organs of fresh water fish Rasbora daniconius: A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Barkatullah Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.) India.
Wan, M.T., Watts, R.G., Isman, M.B. and Strub, R. 1996 Evaluation of the acute toxicity to Juvenile pacific Northwest Salmon of Azadirachtin, Neem extract, and Neem- Based Products. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56 : 432-439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900062