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Abstract
The holy River Ganga at Haridwar is largely affected by that effluent from varius industries and untreated sewage disposed from insufficient sewage treatment plants. Along with that the pilgrims that take holy dip in the pious river throughout the year, all these sitautions worsens the condition a lot. The quality and quantity of surface water in a river basin is influenced by natural factors such as rainfall, temperature and weathering of rocks and anthropogenic changes that curtail natural flow of the river, or alter its hydrochemistry. A study related to water quality indexing of River Ganga was conducted for four months, and four sampling stations were selected for physico-chemical parameters. WQI of the River during the study period was 46.03 which fall in the good water quality. DO values ranged from 10.32 – 13.24 mg/l, BOD values were 1.08 – 3.66 mg/L, COD ranged from 5.50 – 11.50 mg/L. Other physico-chemical parameters were observed well in the range.
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References
- Abbasi SA, Arya DS, Ahmed AS, Abbasi N (1996) Water quality of a typical river Punnapuzha of Kerala. Pollut Res 15(2):163–166.
- Ahmad IK, Salih NM, Nzar YH (2012) Determination of water quality index (WQI) for Qalyasan stream in Sulaimani city Kurdistan region of Iraq. Int J Plant Anim Environ Sci 2(4):148–157.
- Alam M, Pathak JK (2010) Rapid assessment of water quality index of Ramganga river, Western Uttar Pradesh (India) using a computer programme. Nat Sci 8(11):1–8.
- APHA. (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 21nd ed. American Public Health Association,Washington, D.C..
- Balan IN, Shivakumar M, Kumar PDM (2012) An assessment of ground water quality using water quality index in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Chron Young Sci 3(2):146–150.
- Bera,RatiKanta and Rifat Akbar (2012).Determination of Physico Chemical Parameters of Brahmani River Water at Kansar, Jalda Area, Rourkela. J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. 2(4) 2188-2192.
- Bhutiani Rakesh and Ahamad Faheem 2018. Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03): 503-512.
- Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D.R., Ram Khushi, Ahamad Faheem and Tyagi Varun, 2016. Quality assessment of Ganga river at Haridwar with Reference to various physico-chemical parameters. Biotechnology International, 9(1):17-24
- Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D.R., Ahamad Faheem and Tyagi Varun, 2018. Assessment of water quality status of Malin River at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP), Water Biology:281-307.
- Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D.R., Ahamad Faheem and Tyagi Varun, 2018. Physico-chemical characterization of river Ganga at Haridwar, Uttarakhand, Water Biology:143-159.
- Bhutiani R., Ruhela Mukesh, Ahamad Faheem, 2017. Limnological Characterisation of Hindon River at NCR (Uttar Pradesh) India. Environ. Cons. Jour. 18(1&2):219-229.
- Bhutiani R., Ahamad Faheem, Tyagi Varun and Ram Khushi, 2018. Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India, Environment Conservation Journal 19 (1&2):191-201.
- Chauhan A, Singh S.,2010. Evaluation of Ganga water for drinking purpose by water quality index at Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India. Rep Opin 2(9):53–61.
- Chowdhury RM, Muntasir SY, Hossain MM (2012) Water quality index of water bodies along Faridpur-Barisal road in Bangladesh. Glob Eng Tech Rev 2(3):1–8.
- Brown, R.M., McClelland N.I., Deininger R.A., Tozer R.G. (1970). A water quality index—Do we dare? Water and Sewage Works, 117(10):339–343.
- Brown, R.M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R.A., Landwehr, J.M., 1973. Validating the WQI. The paper presented at national meeting of American Society of Civil Engineers on water resources engineering, Washington, DC.
- Cude, C.G., 2001. “Oregon water quality index: a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness”, J. American Water Resou. Assoc., 37(1):125-137.
- Kamal D., Khan A.N, , Rahman M.A, Ahamad F., 2007. Study on the physico chemical properties of water of Mouri River Khulna, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(5): 710-717.
- Khanna D.R and Bhutiani R., 2008. Laboratory manual of water and Wastewater Analysis.Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.1-184.
- Isaq Fouzia and Khan Amir .2012. Comparative assessment of physico chemical conditions and Plankton diversity of River Tons and Asan in Dehradun, Uttrakhand. Adv. Appl. Science Res. 4(2): 342-355.
- Gupta Nutan, Ramesh C. Sharma and Tripathi A.K., 2008. Study of Bio-Physical-Chemical parameters of Mothronwala swamp, Dehradun. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29 (3): 381-386.
- Imnatoshi and Sharif U.Ahmed 2012. Geomorphology and Seasonal variations of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Doyang river Nagaland. The Ecoscan, 6(1&2):5-9.
- Khan M.Y., Mir Shabber, Imtiyaz A. Raja and Nazir.A.Wani, 2012. Physico chemical analysis of River Jhelum (Kashmir).Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Interdisciplinary ,12:325-330.
- Khanna D.R, Bhutiani R, Ruhela Mukesh (2012).Fish diversity and their Limnological status of Ganga River System in Foothills of Garhwal Himalya, Uttrakhand, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 7(4): 1374-1380.
- Khanna D.R., Bhutiani R., Matta Gagan, Singh Vikas and Ishaq Fouzia 2012. Seasonal variation in physico-chemical characteristic status of River Yamunain Doon Valley of Uttarakhand. Environ. Cons. Jour., 13(1&2):119-124.
- Khanna D.R., Bhutiani Rakesh, Tyagi Varun and Ahamad Faheem, 2014. Impact of Sugar mill Effluent on Physico-chemical properties of Malin River in Najibabad. Indian J. Sci. Res. Spl. Ed. NSESIR :5-10
- Khanna, D.R and Bhutiani, R., 2003. Limnological characteristics of the River Ganga at Haridwar (Uttaranchal),U.P. J. Zool., 23(3):179-183.
- Lumb A, Halliwell D, Sharma T., 2006. Application of CCME water quality index to monitor water quality: a case of the Mackenzie River basin, Canada. Environ Monit Assess 113:411–429.
- Malik D.S, Umesh Bharti, Pawan Kumar, 2010. Macro benthic diversity in relation to biotic indices in Song River at Dehradun, India. Environment Conservation Journal 11 (1 & 2): 99-104.
- Karla Neeraj, Kumar Rajesh, Yadav S.S and Singh R. T., 2012. Physico chemical analysis of ground water taken from five blocks (Udwantnagar, Tarari, Charpokhar, Piro, Sahar)of southern Bhojpur Bihar. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3):1827-1832.
- Ruhela Mukesh, Bhutiani Rakesh, Ahamad Faheem,2017. Pollution Status of River Hindon from Ghaziabad to Noida with Special Reference to Heavy Metals. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development , 4( 8):540-548.
- Sahu B.K, Rao R.J and Behra 2005. Physico chemical characteristics of the Ganga River water (Rishikesh-Kanpur) within twenty four hours. Eco.Env and Cons. 1(1-4):35-38.
- Sayeswara H.A, Mahesh Anand Gowdar, and Manjunatha, R., 2011. A preliminary study on Ecological characteristics of Sominkoppa pond, Shivamagga, Karnatka. International Quarterly Journal of Environmental Sciences. The Eco scan , 5(1&2): 121-129.
- Tyagi S, Sharma B, Singh P, Dobhal R., 2013. Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. Am J Water Resour, 1(3):34–38.
- US EPA, 2009. Environmental impact and benefits assessment for final effluent guidelines and standards for the construction and development category. Office of Water, Washington, DC. EPA821-R-09-012
- Venkatesharaju, K., Ravikumar, P., Somashekhar, R.K., Prakash, K.L., 2010. Physico-chemical and bacteriological investigation on the river Cauvery of Kollegal stretch in Karnataka. Kathmandu University. J Sci Eng Tech 6(1):10–15
- World health report 2004. changing history. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004
- Yadav R.C. and Srivastava V.C., 2011. Physico chemical properties of the water of River Ganga at Ghazipur. Indian J. Science Res., 2 (4):41-44.
References
Abbasi SA, Arya DS, Ahmed AS, Abbasi N (1996) Water quality of a typical river Punnapuzha of Kerala. Pollut Res 15(2):163–166.
Ahmad IK, Salih NM, Nzar YH (2012) Determination of water quality index (WQI) for Qalyasan stream in Sulaimani city Kurdistan region of Iraq. Int J Plant Anim Environ Sci 2(4):148–157.
Alam M, Pathak JK (2010) Rapid assessment of water quality index of Ramganga river, Western Uttar Pradesh (India) using a computer programme. Nat Sci 8(11):1–8.
APHA. (2017) Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 21nd ed. American Public Health Association,Washington, D.C..
Balan IN, Shivakumar M, Kumar PDM (2012) An assessment of ground water quality using water quality index in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Chron Young Sci 3(2):146–150.
Bera,RatiKanta and Rifat Akbar (2012).Determination of Physico Chemical Parameters of Brahmani River Water at Kansar, Jalda Area, Rourkela. J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. 2(4) 2188-2192.
Bhutiani Rakesh and Ahamad Faheem 2018. Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of advance research in science and engineering (IJARSE), 7(03): 503-512.
Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D.R., Ram Khushi, Ahamad Faheem and Tyagi Varun, 2016. Quality assessment of Ganga river at Haridwar with Reference to various physico-chemical parameters. Biotechnology International, 9(1):17-24
Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D.R., Ahamad Faheem and Tyagi Varun, 2018. Assessment of water quality status of Malin River at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP), Water Biology:281-307.
Bhutiani, R., Khanna,D.R., Ahamad Faheem and Tyagi Varun, 2018. Physico-chemical characterization of river Ganga at Haridwar, Uttarakhand, Water Biology:143-159.
Bhutiani R., Ruhela Mukesh, Ahamad Faheem, 2017. Limnological Characterisation of Hindon River at NCR (Uttar Pradesh) India. Environ. Cons. Jour. 18(1&2):219-229.
Bhutiani R., Ahamad Faheem, Tyagi Varun and Ram Khushi, 2018. Evaluation of water quality of River Malin using water quality index (WQI) at Najibabad, Bijnor (UP) India, Environment Conservation Journal 19 (1&2):191-201.
Chauhan A, Singh S.,2010. Evaluation of Ganga water for drinking purpose by water quality index at Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India. Rep Opin 2(9):53–61.
Chowdhury RM, Muntasir SY, Hossain MM (2012) Water quality index of water bodies along Faridpur-Barisal road in Bangladesh. Glob Eng Tech Rev 2(3):1–8.
Brown, R.M., McClelland N.I., Deininger R.A., Tozer R.G. (1970). A water quality index—Do we dare? Water and Sewage Works, 117(10):339–343.
Brown, R.M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R.A., Landwehr, J.M., 1973. Validating the WQI. The paper presented at national meeting of American Society of Civil Engineers on water resources engineering, Washington, DC.
Cude, C.G., 2001. “Oregon water quality index: a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness”, J. American Water Resou. Assoc., 37(1):125-137.
Kamal D., Khan A.N, , Rahman M.A, Ahamad F., 2007. Study on the physico chemical properties of water of Mouri River Khulna, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(5): 710-717.
Khanna D.R and Bhutiani R., 2008. Laboratory manual of water and Wastewater Analysis.Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.1-184.
Isaq Fouzia and Khan Amir .2012. Comparative assessment of physico chemical conditions and Plankton diversity of River Tons and Asan in Dehradun, Uttrakhand. Adv. Appl. Science Res. 4(2): 342-355.
Gupta Nutan, Ramesh C. Sharma and Tripathi A.K., 2008. Study of Bio-Physical-Chemical parameters of Mothronwala swamp, Dehradun. Journal of Environmental Biology, 29 (3): 381-386.
Imnatoshi and Sharif U.Ahmed 2012. Geomorphology and Seasonal variations of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Doyang river Nagaland. The Ecoscan, 6(1&2):5-9.
Khan M.Y., Mir Shabber, Imtiyaz A. Raja and Nazir.A.Wani, 2012. Physico chemical analysis of River Jhelum (Kashmir).Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Interdisciplinary ,12:325-330.
Khanna D.R, Bhutiani R, Ruhela Mukesh (2012).Fish diversity and their Limnological status of Ganga River System in Foothills of Garhwal Himalya, Uttrakhand, India. Journal of Environmental Research and Development, 7(4): 1374-1380.
Khanna D.R., Bhutiani R., Matta Gagan, Singh Vikas and Ishaq Fouzia 2012. Seasonal variation in physico-chemical characteristic status of River Yamunain Doon Valley of Uttarakhand. Environ. Cons. Jour., 13(1&2):119-124.
Khanna D.R., Bhutiani Rakesh, Tyagi Varun and Ahamad Faheem, 2014. Impact of Sugar mill Effluent on Physico-chemical properties of Malin River in Najibabad. Indian J. Sci. Res. Spl. Ed. NSESIR :5-10
Khanna, D.R and Bhutiani, R., 2003. Limnological characteristics of the River Ganga at Haridwar (Uttaranchal),U.P. J. Zool., 23(3):179-183.
Lumb A, Halliwell D, Sharma T., 2006. Application of CCME water quality index to monitor water quality: a case of the Mackenzie River basin, Canada. Environ Monit Assess 113:411–429.
Malik D.S, Umesh Bharti, Pawan Kumar, 2010. Macro benthic diversity in relation to biotic indices in Song River at Dehradun, India. Environment Conservation Journal 11 (1 & 2): 99-104.
Karla Neeraj, Kumar Rajesh, Yadav S.S and Singh R. T., 2012. Physico chemical analysis of ground water taken from five blocks (Udwantnagar, Tarari, Charpokhar, Piro, Sahar)of southern Bhojpur Bihar. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(3):1827-1832.
Ruhela Mukesh, Bhutiani Rakesh, Ahamad Faheem,2017. Pollution Status of River Hindon from Ghaziabad to Noida with Special Reference to Heavy Metals. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development , 4( 8):540-548.
Sahu B.K, Rao R.J and Behra 2005. Physico chemical characteristics of the Ganga River water (Rishikesh-Kanpur) within twenty four hours. Eco.Env and Cons. 1(1-4):35-38.
Sayeswara H.A, Mahesh Anand Gowdar, and Manjunatha, R., 2011. A preliminary study on Ecological characteristics of Sominkoppa pond, Shivamagga, Karnatka. International Quarterly Journal of Environmental Sciences. The Eco scan , 5(1&2): 121-129.
Tyagi S, Sharma B, Singh P, Dobhal R., 2013. Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. Am J Water Resour, 1(3):34–38.
US EPA, 2009. Environmental impact and benefits assessment for final effluent guidelines and standards for the construction and development category. Office of Water, Washington, DC. EPA821-R-09-012
Venkatesharaju, K., Ravikumar, P., Somashekhar, R.K., Prakash, K.L., 2010. Physico-chemical and bacteriological investigation on the river Cauvery of Kollegal stretch in Karnataka. Kathmandu University. J Sci Eng Tech 6(1):10–15
World health report 2004. changing history. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004
Yadav R.C. and Srivastava V.C., 2011. Physico chemical properties of the water of River Ganga at Ghazipur. Indian J. Science Res., 2 (4):41-44.