Main Article Content
Abstract
Fagla landslide at a distance of 160 km from Jammu, very near to Ramban area, national highway –IA, is one of the notorious landslides in J & K. Among many other c auses, such as deforestation, high re lief bri ttle nature of rocks, the main cause of landslide revealed from field investigation is great water ingress present in the rocks in the form of springs, nallas and water falls. The problem gets compounded during excessive rains – when phyllite salty rocks develop shear joints resulting in breaking apart big rock blocks from the main mass turning in to huge scree material and finally getting accumulated on the road. For mitigation of the sli de, proper disposal of ru n off by digging well s an d connec ting the same to the hori zontals tunn els readily(Tunake model) as applied in kamenose landslide in Japan successfully, is suggested for Fagla landslide, the only strengthened by anchoring at vulnerable ponts, An adequate forest cover in the water shed areas of the landslide site from Rambvan to Anokhi fall together with growing vetiver grass in the whole belt in the northeast are other methods suggeste d to control the sli de successfully.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2007 Environment Conservation Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Aggarwal, A. 1992. The price of forests. Centre for Science and Environment, Ne Delhi: 364
- Bhatia, T.R. and Bhatia, S.K., 1973. Sedimentology of the slate belt of Ramban, Banihaal area, Kashmir
- Himalaya. Him. Geol., Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, New Delhi: 116-134. Chanda, S.K., 1990. Deforestation in the Himalaya. Jullunder cooperative printing pres: 1-5.
- Chowdhury, R.N., 1980. Recent progress in evaluation and control of landslides. ISL. Proc. Vol. IP I"V/14:313-318.
- Didwal, R.S., 1980. Occurrence of landslides in Jammu Province. J&K, and their control. ISL. Proc. V, IP 1/8: 37-40.
- Fotedar, A., 2006. Ecology of Sewa river and its catchment. Unpublished Ph.D. thesi of Jammu University. Greenwood, G., 1957. Rain and Rivers. Lengman's Green and Co. LTD. London: 53-74.
- Hobst, L. and Zojic, L., 1983. Anchoring in rock and soil. Elsevier scientific publication, New York, pp: 570.
- Hussain, B., and Katti, R.K., 1990. Behaviour of soil rock mixtures in sheara and compression. ISL, Proc. V..I.P. 11/3: 113-117.
- Janpangi, B.S., Kumar, G., Rathore, D.R. and Datta, S., 1986. "Geology of autochthonous folded belt", Jammu and Kashmir Homalaya with special reference to Panjal thrust. Pal. Soc. Ind.: 39-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971102319860106
- Kachroo, P.N. and Hussain, B., 1980. Genesis and analysis of Nashri slide. ISL. Proc. V.I.P. 111/7: 207-213.
- Lavania, U.C., 2000. Vetiver grass technology for environmental protection and sustainable development.Curr. Sci., 9:1-32.
- Lavania, U.C., 2004. Vetiver sytem eco-technology for want of quality improvement and enhancement. Curr. Sci., 86:11-14.
- Nataranjan, T.K. and Gupta, S.C., 1980. Techniques of erosion control for surficial landslides. ISL, Proc.V.I.P.4/7:413-417.
- Prasad,C. and Verma, V.K., 1980. Slope failures: A case in the catchment areas ofAlakuanda and Bhagirathi rivers, Farhwal Himalaya India, ISL. Proc. V.I.P., 1/9: 41-45.
- Raina, B.K., Gupta, B.K., Sharma, B.L.M., Wangu, A. and Dhiman, L.C., 1990.A review of stratigraphy and structure of part of Kashmir basin in Banihal-Ramban-Desa-Chatru, belt Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir, Ind. Journ. Pal. Soc. Ind., 35:77-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971102319900109
- Razdan, M.L. and Dhir, N.K., 1989. Geology along the national highway IAbetween Batote and Kazigund,J&K state. J. Geol, Soc. Ind., 35:70-81.
- Shah, S.K., 1980. Stratigraphy and tectonic setting of the lesser Himalayan belt of Jammu. Stratigraphy and correlation of lesser Himalayan formation, Hindustan publishing corporation, New Delhi, India.
- Sharma, VP, Verma, S.N. and Sharma,A.R., 1973. Systematic geological mapping Ramban-Banihal region, Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir state. Geol. Soc. Ind. field season, 1973-1974.
- Sharma, VP, Verma, S.N. and Sharma,A.R., 1979. Stratigraphy and structure of Ramban-Banihal- Gulabgarh- Budil sectors of Pir Panjal Range, Jammu and Kashmir state. Him. Geol. Sem. N. Delhi, 1976. Misc. Publ. 41(1).
- Singer and Munn, 1987, n Brabb, E.E. and Harold, B.L., 1989. Extent and economic significance of land slides. Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 9661918766:385.
- Singh, A., 1991. Preliminary report on the geological investigation of landslide in Lander-Bhamag Area, Udhampur Distt. UN. Publ. Report of directorate of geology and mining, J&K state,pp-15.
- Tikoo, Veerji, 2004. Geological aspects of environmental degradation along the national highway-IA, between Jammu and Banihal, Kashmir state. Unpublished thesis Jammu University.
- Tunake, Rosoke, 1993. Planning and implementation of landslide control in Japan-A case study of Kamenese landslide area. Journ. of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering, 5(1-4):182-188.
- Verma, V.K., 1980. Some geomorphological aspects of landslide ISL. (International Seminar landslides), New Delhi. Proc. 5:73-75.
- Yudbir, K., 1980. Field studies relating to natural slopes toe and cutting. ISL. Proc. 2:13-22.
- Zaruba, Q. and Manel, V., 1969. Landslides and their control. Elsevier and Akudemia, Prague, p.205.
References
Aggarwal, A. 1992. The price of forests. Centre for Science and Environment, Ne Delhi: 364
Bhatia, T.R. and Bhatia, S.K., 1973. Sedimentology of the slate belt of Ramban, Banihaal area, Kashmir
Himalaya. Him. Geol., Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, New Delhi: 116-134. Chanda, S.K., 1990. Deforestation in the Himalaya. Jullunder cooperative printing pres: 1-5.
Chowdhury, R.N., 1980. Recent progress in evaluation and control of landslides. ISL. Proc. Vol. IP I"V/14:313-318.
Didwal, R.S., 1980. Occurrence of landslides in Jammu Province. J&K, and their control. ISL. Proc. V, IP 1/8: 37-40.
Fotedar, A., 2006. Ecology of Sewa river and its catchment. Unpublished Ph.D. thesi of Jammu University. Greenwood, G., 1957. Rain and Rivers. Lengman's Green and Co. LTD. London: 53-74.
Hobst, L. and Zojic, L., 1983. Anchoring in rock and soil. Elsevier scientific publication, New York, pp: 570.
Hussain, B., and Katti, R.K., 1990. Behaviour of soil rock mixtures in sheara and compression. ISL, Proc. V..I.P. 11/3: 113-117.
Janpangi, B.S., Kumar, G., Rathore, D.R. and Datta, S., 1986. "Geology of autochthonous folded belt", Jammu and Kashmir Homalaya with special reference to Panjal thrust. Pal. Soc. Ind.: 39-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971102319860106
Kachroo, P.N. and Hussain, B., 1980. Genesis and analysis of Nashri slide. ISL. Proc. V.I.P. 111/7: 207-213.
Lavania, U.C., 2000. Vetiver grass technology for environmental protection and sustainable development.Curr. Sci., 9:1-32.
Lavania, U.C., 2004. Vetiver sytem eco-technology for want of quality improvement and enhancement. Curr. Sci., 86:11-14.
Nataranjan, T.K. and Gupta, S.C., 1980. Techniques of erosion control for surficial landslides. ISL, Proc.V.I.P.4/7:413-417.
Prasad,C. and Verma, V.K., 1980. Slope failures: A case in the catchment areas ofAlakuanda and Bhagirathi rivers, Farhwal Himalaya India, ISL. Proc. V.I.P., 1/9: 41-45.
Raina, B.K., Gupta, B.K., Sharma, B.L.M., Wangu, A. and Dhiman, L.C., 1990.A review of stratigraphy and structure of part of Kashmir basin in Banihal-Ramban-Desa-Chatru, belt Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir, Ind. Journ. Pal. Soc. Ind., 35:77-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971102319900109
Razdan, M.L. and Dhir, N.K., 1989. Geology along the national highway IAbetween Batote and Kazigund,J&K state. J. Geol, Soc. Ind., 35:70-81.
Shah, S.K., 1980. Stratigraphy and tectonic setting of the lesser Himalayan belt of Jammu. Stratigraphy and correlation of lesser Himalayan formation, Hindustan publishing corporation, New Delhi, India.
Sharma, VP, Verma, S.N. and Sharma,A.R., 1973. Systematic geological mapping Ramban-Banihal region, Doda district, Jammu and Kashmir state. Geol. Soc. Ind. field season, 1973-1974.
Sharma, VP, Verma, S.N. and Sharma,A.R., 1979. Stratigraphy and structure of Ramban-Banihal- Gulabgarh- Budil sectors of Pir Panjal Range, Jammu and Kashmir state. Him. Geol. Sem. N. Delhi, 1976. Misc. Publ. 41(1).
Singer and Munn, 1987, n Brabb, E.E. and Harold, B.L., 1989. Extent and economic significance of land slides. Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 9661918766:385.
Singh, A., 1991. Preliminary report on the geological investigation of landslide in Lander-Bhamag Area, Udhampur Distt. UN. Publ. Report of directorate of geology and mining, J&K state,pp-15.
Tikoo, Veerji, 2004. Geological aspects of environmental degradation along the national highway-IA, between Jammu and Banihal, Kashmir state. Unpublished thesis Jammu University.
Tunake, Rosoke, 1993. Planning and implementation of landslide control in Japan-A case study of Kamenese landslide area. Journ. of Hydroscience and Hydraulic Engineering, 5(1-4):182-188.
Verma, V.K., 1980. Some geomorphological aspects of landslide ISL. (International Seminar landslides), New Delhi. Proc. 5:73-75.
Yudbir, K., 1980. Field studies relating to natural slopes toe and cutting. ISL. Proc. 2:13-22.
Zaruba, Q. and Manel, V., 1969. Landslides and their control. Elsevier and Akudemia, Prague, p.205.