Main Article Content
Abstract
Aflatoxin is the most toxic of many naturally occuring toxins produced by fungi. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergit lus parasiticus are the major casual organisms. These co-exist and grow on almost all crops. Pongamia pinnata (Karanj) and Tamarindus indica (Imli) and other tree species producing non edible oil were screened for their. possible antifungal activity. Methanolic fraction were assayed to control the fungi and significant reduction in fungus growth was observed when applied synergistically than the individual plant extract.It was found that Combination of both extract were more effective than the individual extract when tested alone i.e 62%' inhibition of fungal growth as comapared to Pongamia bark alone (33.20%) and Tamarindus indica alone (34.12%).
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References
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- Pitt, J.I., Dyer, S.K.and Mc Cammon, S. (199 I). Systemic invasion ofdeveloping peanut plants by Aspergillus flavus. Letter Appl Microbial. 13: 16-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00558.x
- Lillchoj, E.B., Kwolck, W.F., Horner, E.S., Wild strom, N.W., Josephson, L.M., Franz, A.O. and Catalano, E.A., 1980, Aflatoxin contamination ofpreharvest corn; role ofAspergillusflavus inoculum and insect damage. Cereal chemistry. 57: 255-257.
- Cole, R.J., Hill, R.A, Blankenship, P.D., Sanders, T.H.& Garren, H., 1982. Influence ofirrigation and drought on invasion ofAspergillusj/avus in corn kernel and peanut pods. Dev, Ind. Microbiol. 23: 299-326.
- Sanders, TH., Hill R.A., Cole, R.J. and Blankenship, 1981. Effects of Drought on the occurrence of Aspergillus flavus in maturing peanuts. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc, 58: 966A.-970A. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679302
- Klich, M.A., Thomas, S.H. & Mellon, J.E., 1984. Field study on the mode of entry of Aspergillus flavus into cotton seeds. Mycologia. 76: 665-669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1984.12023896
- Perca, C, Paul, M. and Bazerque, P,, 1990. Antibiotic assay by Agar well diffusion method. Acta Biol Med. Exp. 15: 113-115.
- Yin, M. C. and Cheng, W. S., 1998. Inhibition ofAspergillus niger and Aspergillusj/avus by some herbs and spices. Journal offood Protection. 61: 123-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-61.1.123
- Morozumi, S., 1978. Isolation, Purification and antibiotic activity of O- Methoxycinnm aldehyde from cinnamon. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 36: 577-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.36.4.577-583.1978
- Azzour, M.A. and Bullerman, L. B., 1982. Comparative antimycotic effects selected herbs, Spices, Plant components and commercial antifungal agents. Journal ofFood Protection. 45 : 1298- 130 I DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-45.14.1298
- Bahk, I. and Marth, E. H., 1983. Aflatoxin production is inhibited by selected herbal drugs. Mycopathologia. 8: 129-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437018
- Bullerman, L. B., Lieu, E. Y. and Seier, S. A., I977. Inhibition ofgrowth and aflatoxin production by cinnamon and clove oils, cinnamic aldehyde and Eugenol. Journal ofFood Science. 42 : 1107 -- 1109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1977.tb12677.x
- Hitokoto, H., Morozumi, S., Wanke, T., Sakai, S. and Kurata, H., 1980. Inhibitory effects of spice on growth and toxin production of toxigenic fungi. Applied Environmetal Microbiology. 39 : 818 -822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.39.4.818-822.1980
- Grayer, R.J. and Harborne, J.B., 1994. Asurvey of antifungal compounds from higher plants. Phytochemistry. 37: 19-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85005-4
- Fan, J. J. and Chen, J. H., 1999. Inhibition ofaflatoxin producing fungi by Welsh onion extracts. Journal of Food Protection. 62: 414-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-62.4.414
- Paster, N., Juven, B.J. and Harshemesh, H., 1988. Antimicrobial activity and inhibition of aflatoxin BI formation by olive plant tissue constituents. Journal ofApplied Bacteriology. 64 : 293-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb01874.x
- Owen, R.W., Giacosa, A., Hull, W.E., Haubner, R., Spiegelhalder, B. and Bartsch, H., 2000a. The antioxidant/ anticancer potential of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil. European Journal of Can cer, 36: 1235-1247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00103-9
- Owen, R.W., Giacosa, A., Hull, W.E., Haubner, R., Wurtele, G., Spiegelhalder, B. & Bartsch, H., 2000b. Olive oil consumption and health: the possible role ofantioxidants. Lancet Oncology I: I 07-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00015-2
- Pumthong, G., 1999. Antioxidative activity of polyphenolic compounds extracted from seed coat of Tamarindus indica Linn. PhDThesis, Chiangmai University, Thailand.
- Tsuda, T., Osawa, T., Makino, Y., Kato, H.& Kawakishi, S., 1993. Screening for antioxidant activity ofedible pulses. Bioscientific Biotechnological Biochemistry, 57: 1606-1608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.57.1606
- Tsuda, T., Watanabe, M., Ohshima, K., Yamamoto, A., Kawakishi & S., Osawa, T., 1994. Antioxidative components isolated from theseed of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42: 2671-2674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00048a004
- De, M., Krishna, D. A.& Baneerjee, A.B., 1999. Antimicrobial screening ofsome Indian spices. Phytotherapy Research, 13 (7),616-618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199911)13:7<616::AID-PTR475>3.0.CO;2-V
- Phakruschaphan, T, 1982. Comparison ofpeeling and extraction methods in the production ofTamarind seed gum. The Kasetsart Journal ofNaturalSciences, l6(2), 74-81.
- Krishanamurthi, A., 1969. The wealth ofIndia. Vol VIII. Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, India, pp 206.
- Kirtikar,K.R. and Basu, B.D., 1995. Indian Medicinal Plants, International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India, Vol.I, Second ed. Pp 830.
- Talapatra, S.K, Malik, A.K. and Talapatra, B., 1980. Pongaglabol, a new hydroxyfuranoflavone and aurantimide acetate, a dipeptide rom the flower of Pongamia glabra. Phytochemistry, 19: 1199-1202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(80)83083-4
- Murthy, P.B.R. and Seshadri, T.R., 1944. Chemical examination of the flowers ofPongamia glabra and a note on the glycoside component of Butea frondosa flowers. Proceeding oflndian Academy of sciences. 204, 279-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03046424
- Rangaswami, S.,Rao, J.V. and Seshadri, T.R., 1942. Kanugin, acrystalline compound ofthe root ofPongamia glabra. Proceeding of Indian Academy of Sciences. 16A, 319-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03170543
- Sharma, P., Seshadri, T.R. and Mukerjee, S.K., 1973. Some synthetic and Natural analogues of Glabra chromene. Indianjournal ofChemistry.11: 965-986.
- Pathak, V.P, Saini, T.R. and Khanna, R.N., 1983. Glabra chalcone a chromenochalcone from Pongamia glabra. Proceeding of Indian Academis of Sciences. 16A, 319-322.
- Tosiyuki, T., Munekaza, I, Kaone, y., Yuku, F.,and Mizuo, M., 1992. Flavonoids in root bark ofPongamia pinnata. Phytochemistry,31 (3): 993-998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80055-J
- Rasooli, I. & Abyaneh, M.R., 2004. Inhibitory effect ofThymes oil on the growth and Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Food Control. 15 : 479-483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.07.002
References
Garns, W., Christensen, M., Onions., A.H.S., Pitt, I.I. and Samson, R.A., 1985. Intrageneric taxa ofAspergil lus. In: R.A. Samson and J.I. Pitt (Ed.). Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus systematics. Plenum press, New York, NY.pp 55-62 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1856-0_5
Pitt, J.I., Dyer, S.K.and Mc Cammon, S. (199 I). Systemic invasion ofdeveloping peanut plants by Aspergillus flavus. Letter Appl Microbial. 13: 16-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00558.x
Lillchoj, E.B., Kwolck, W.F., Horner, E.S., Wild strom, N.W., Josephson, L.M., Franz, A.O. and Catalano, E.A., 1980, Aflatoxin contamination ofpreharvest corn; role ofAspergillusflavus inoculum and insect damage. Cereal chemistry. 57: 255-257.
Cole, R.J., Hill, R.A, Blankenship, P.D., Sanders, T.H.& Garren, H., 1982. Influence ofirrigation and drought on invasion ofAspergillusj/avus in corn kernel and peanut pods. Dev, Ind. Microbiol. 23: 299-326.
Sanders, TH., Hill R.A., Cole, R.J. and Blankenship, 1981. Effects of Drought on the occurrence of Aspergillus flavus in maturing peanuts. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc, 58: 966A.-970A. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679302
Klich, M.A., Thomas, S.H. & Mellon, J.E., 1984. Field study on the mode of entry of Aspergillus flavus into cotton seeds. Mycologia. 76: 665-669. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1984.12023896
Perca, C, Paul, M. and Bazerque, P,, 1990. Antibiotic assay by Agar well diffusion method. Acta Biol Med. Exp. 15: 113-115.
Yin, M. C. and Cheng, W. S., 1998. Inhibition ofAspergillus niger and Aspergillusj/avus by some herbs and spices. Journal offood Protection. 61: 123-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-61.1.123
Morozumi, S., 1978. Isolation, Purification and antibiotic activity of O- Methoxycinnm aldehyde from cinnamon. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 36: 577-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.36.4.577-583.1978
Azzour, M.A. and Bullerman, L. B., 1982. Comparative antimycotic effects selected herbs, Spices, Plant components and commercial antifungal agents. Journal ofFood Protection. 45 : 1298- 130 I DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-45.14.1298
Bahk, I. and Marth, E. H., 1983. Aflatoxin production is inhibited by selected herbal drugs. Mycopathologia. 8: 129-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437018
Bullerman, L. B., Lieu, E. Y. and Seier, S. A., I977. Inhibition ofgrowth and aflatoxin production by cinnamon and clove oils, cinnamic aldehyde and Eugenol. Journal ofFood Science. 42 : 1107 -- 1109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1977.tb12677.x
Hitokoto, H., Morozumi, S., Wanke, T., Sakai, S. and Kurata, H., 1980. Inhibitory effects of spice on growth and toxin production of toxigenic fungi. Applied Environmetal Microbiology. 39 : 818 -822. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.39.4.818-822.1980
Grayer, R.J. and Harborne, J.B., 1994. Asurvey of antifungal compounds from higher plants. Phytochemistry. 37: 19-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85005-4
Fan, J. J. and Chen, J. H., 1999. Inhibition ofaflatoxin producing fungi by Welsh onion extracts. Journal of Food Protection. 62: 414-417. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-62.4.414
Paster, N., Juven, B.J. and Harshemesh, H., 1988. Antimicrobial activity and inhibition of aflatoxin BI formation by olive plant tissue constituents. Journal ofApplied Bacteriology. 64 : 293-297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1988.tb01874.x
Owen, R.W., Giacosa, A., Hull, W.E., Haubner, R., Spiegelhalder, B. and Bartsch, H., 2000a. The antioxidant/ anticancer potential of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil. European Journal of Can cer, 36: 1235-1247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00103-9
Owen, R.W., Giacosa, A., Hull, W.E., Haubner, R., Wurtele, G., Spiegelhalder, B. & Bartsch, H., 2000b. Olive oil consumption and health: the possible role ofantioxidants. Lancet Oncology I: I 07-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(00)00015-2
Pumthong, G., 1999. Antioxidative activity of polyphenolic compounds extracted from seed coat of Tamarindus indica Linn. PhDThesis, Chiangmai University, Thailand.
Tsuda, T., Osawa, T., Makino, Y., Kato, H.& Kawakishi, S., 1993. Screening for antioxidant activity ofedible pulses. Bioscientific Biotechnological Biochemistry, 57: 1606-1608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.57.1606
Tsuda, T., Watanabe, M., Ohshima, K., Yamamoto, A., Kawakishi & S., Osawa, T., 1994. Antioxidative components isolated from theseed of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.). Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42: 2671-2674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00048a004
De, M., Krishna, D. A.& Baneerjee, A.B., 1999. Antimicrobial screening ofsome Indian spices. Phytotherapy Research, 13 (7),616-618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199911)13:7<616::AID-PTR475>3.0.CO;2-V
Phakruschaphan, T, 1982. Comparison ofpeeling and extraction methods in the production ofTamarind seed gum. The Kasetsart Journal ofNaturalSciences, l6(2), 74-81.
Krishanamurthi, A., 1969. The wealth ofIndia. Vol VIII. Publication and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, India, pp 206.
Kirtikar,K.R. and Basu, B.D., 1995. Indian Medicinal Plants, International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India, Vol.I, Second ed. Pp 830.
Talapatra, S.K, Malik, A.K. and Talapatra, B., 1980. Pongaglabol, a new hydroxyfuranoflavone and aurantimide acetate, a dipeptide rom the flower of Pongamia glabra. Phytochemistry, 19: 1199-1202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(80)83083-4
Murthy, P.B.R. and Seshadri, T.R., 1944. Chemical examination of the flowers ofPongamia glabra and a note on the glycoside component of Butea frondosa flowers. Proceeding oflndian Academy of sciences. 204, 279-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03046424
Rangaswami, S.,Rao, J.V. and Seshadri, T.R., 1942. Kanugin, acrystalline compound ofthe root ofPongamia glabra. Proceeding of Indian Academy of Sciences. 16A, 319-322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03170543
Sharma, P., Seshadri, T.R. and Mukerjee, S.K., 1973. Some synthetic and Natural analogues of Glabra chromene. Indianjournal ofChemistry.11: 965-986.
Pathak, V.P, Saini, T.R. and Khanna, R.N., 1983. Glabra chalcone a chromenochalcone from Pongamia glabra. Proceeding of Indian Academis of Sciences. 16A, 319-322.
Tosiyuki, T., Munekaza, I, Kaone, y., Yuku, F.,and Mizuo, M., 1992. Flavonoids in root bark ofPongamia pinnata. Phytochemistry,31 (3): 993-998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)80055-J
Rasooli, I. & Abyaneh, M.R., 2004. Inhibitory effect ofThymes oil on the growth and Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Food Control. 15 : 479-483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.07.002