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Abstract
Moss Barbula vinealis and Rhodobryum roseum used as biomonitor of metal precipitation at Nainital during 2004 - 2005 to examine deposition of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb at Nainital area, around point sources in all the four directions. Moss bags were transplanted at 8 sites for fixed exposure time in sampling seasons (summer, monsoon and winter) and were harvested periodically after 4 months of exposure. An increase in amount of metals in 2004 - 2005 reflects an increase in metals in air. High metallic load was observed in locations in proximity of higher traffic density. From the result, it is concluded that local sources in Nainital, especially due to enhanced tourism during summer, contributes to elevated metal deposition in comparison to winter and monsoon season. Active monitoring by 4 months of exposure of mosses gives reliable results on metal contamination. Study also aim at assessing the suitability of both mosses as a biomonitor for metal deposition. Study confirms that in Nainital, where due to higher vehicular traffic, wear and tear of vehicular parts and beside it increasing tourist activity, high level of Zn, Pb was measured in moss transplant bags.Bioaccumulation ability in these two mosses was evaluated statistically using Dunkun's Multiple Range Test and was presented on contour maps obtained from SURFER program.
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References
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- Karmcr, C. Y., 1956. Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replication. Biometrics, 12: 307-310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001469
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- Saxena, D. K. and Saxena, A. 2000. Uptake ofmetals in Plagiochasma and their uses in pollution monitoring. Geophytology, 28 (1&2): 129-137.
- Saxena, D. K 2001. Biomonitoring of Pb,Ni,Cr,Hg with the help ofbryophytes in Nainital, Perspective in Indian Bryology, pp.155-170.
- Sncdccor, 0. W. and Cochran W. 0., 1967. Statistical methods. Lowa State University, U.S. A. Oxford and I, 3, AH. Publishing Co,, New Delhi.
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References
Bargagli, R., 1998. Trace clements in terrestrial plants, An ecophysiological approach to biomonitoring and biorccovcry. Springer Verlag, Berlin, New York. pp 324.
Fernandez., J. A., Aboal, J. R. and Carballeria, A., 2000. Use of native and transplanted mosses as complimentary techniques for biomonitoring mercury around an industrial facility. Science ofthe Total Environment, 256 (2-3): 151-156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00478-2
Fernandez, J. A., Aboal, J. R. and Caballeira, A., 2004. Identification ofpollution sources by means of moss bags. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 59 (1): 76-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.01.007
Grodzinska, K. Szarek-Lukaszewska, G., 2001. Response ofmosses to the heavy metal deposition in Poland - an overview. Environmentalpollution, 114: 443-451 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00227-X
Gerdol, R., Bragazza, L. and Marchesini, R., 2002. Element concentrations in forest moss Hylocomium splendens: variation associated wit altitude, net primary production and soil chemistry. Environmentalpollution, 116: 129-135, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00198-1
Gerda!, R., Bragazza,L., Marchesini, R., Alber, R., Bonetti, L., Lorenzovi, G., 2000. Monitoring ofheavy metal deposition inNorthern Italyby moss analysis. Environmentalpollution, 108: 201-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00189-X
Imperato, M., Admo, P, Naimo, D., Aricnzo,M., Stanzione, D., Violant, P., 2003. Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils ofNaples city Italy. Environmentalpollution, 124: 24 7-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00478-5
Karmcr, C. Y., 1956. Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replication. Biometrics, 12: 307-310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001469
Makholm, M. M. and MiladenoffDavid, J. 2005. Efficacy ofa biomonitoring (moss bag) technique for determining clement deposition trends on a mid - range (3 7 Km) scale. Environmental Monitoring andAssessment, 104; 1-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-6398-3
Otvos, E., Pazmandi, T, and Tuba, Z. 2003. First national survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition Hungary by the analysis of mosses. Science ofthe Total Environment, 309: 151-160 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00681-2
Pearson, J., Wells, D. M., Seller, K. J., Bennett, A, Soares, A., Woodall, J., and lngroyillc, M. J. 2000. Traffic exposure increase natural 15N and heavy metal concentrations inmosses. New Phytology, 147: 317-326. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00702.x
Saxena, D. K. and Saxena, A. 2000. Uptake ofmetals in Plagiochasma and their uses in pollution monitoring. Geophytology, 28 (1&2): 129-137.
Saxena, D. K 2001. Biomonitoring of Pb,Ni,Cr,Hg with the help ofbryophytes in Nainital, Perspective in Indian Bryology, pp.155-170.
Sncdccor, 0. W. and Cochran W. 0., 1967. Statistical methods. Lowa State University, U.S. A. Oxford and I, 3, AH. Publishing Co,, New Delhi.
Stefano, L., and Bononi, I. L., 2000, Lichens and mosses as biomonitors of trace elements in areas with thermal springs and fumarole activity (Mt. Amiata, Central Italy), Chemosphere, 41: 1333-1336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00026-6