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Abstract
The present study deals with the quantification of larval feeding and gallery pattern of a single larva of Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, a severe pest of Sal, Shorea robusta. The larva is the destructive stage. They bore into the bark and then slowly moves inwards and upwards through bast and sapwood. Consumption and digestion of wood by a single larva showed that the third instar larva do the maximum damage to the Sal tree as indicated by the size of frass ejected from the tree. During its life time one larva can cject 30.19g (dry wt.) of frass and fecal matter. In view of damage, the bark, bast and heartwood region are of major importance as the attacks is more intense in these region while sapwood region is only a passage way where the larva do not stay for too long. Thus, the size of the fecal matter is the true indicator of larval instars.
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References
- Beeson, C.F.C., 1919. The construction ofcalcareous opercula by longicom larva ofthe group cerambycini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). For. Bull., 38: 12.
- Beeson, C.F.C., 1941. The Ecology and control ofthe Forest Insects ofIndia andNeighbouring Countries (Chapter on: Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Govt. of India publication, 134-144 pp.
- Bhandari, R.S. and Rawat, J.K., 2001. Sal heartwood borer Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newm. (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) and its management. Ind.for., 127(12): 1387-1387-1393.
- Eckstein, K., 1938. Die Bewertung des Kotes der Nonnenraupe, Psilura monacha L.,als Grundlage fur die Festellung ihres Auftretens und zu ergeifenden Massregeln. Allgem. Forst. Jagdatg., 114: 132-48.
- Gusain, S., 2004. Ecobiology ofsal heartwood borer, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newman with special references to community structure and microclimate. (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) Ph.D. thesis submitted to FRI, Dehradun. pp 139.
- Haack, R.A. and Slansky, Jr.F., 1987. Nutritional ecology ofwood-feeding Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, 449-485 pp. In F. Slansky, Jr. and J.G Rodriguez (eds), Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, spiders, and related invertebrates. Wiley, New York.
- Mishra S.C., Sen-Sarma Raj pal Singh, Singh, R., 1985. Chemical changes in the wood during the digestive process in larvae of Hoplocerambyx spinicornis (Newm.) lnsecta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).
- Misra, S.C. and Sen Sarma, P.K., 1979. Studies on deterioration of wood by insects. V. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on wood consumption and digestibility in Neotermes bosei Snyder Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Material and Organismen, 14:279-286.
- Morris, R.F., 1949. Frass-drop management in studies ofthe European spruce sawfly. Univ. Michigan Sch. For. Conser. Bull., 12: 1-58.
- Muir, W.A., 1929. Epidemic attacks by sal heartwood borer Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newm. (Cerambycidae) in the forests of South Mandia Division Northern Circle. Central Provide with special reference to the period 1924-25 t0 1926-27. Indian For. Rec., 13(5): 145-219.
- Pond, D.D., 1961. Frass studies ofthe armyworm, Pseudalctia unipunctata. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 54:133-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/54.1.133
References
Beeson, C.F.C., 1919. The construction ofcalcareous opercula by longicom larva ofthe group cerambycini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). For. Bull., 38: 12.
Beeson, C.F.C., 1941. The Ecology and control ofthe Forest Insects ofIndia andNeighbouring Countries (Chapter on: Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Govt. of India publication, 134-144 pp.
Bhandari, R.S. and Rawat, J.K., 2001. Sal heartwood borer Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newm. (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) and its management. Ind.for., 127(12): 1387-1387-1393.
Eckstein, K., 1938. Die Bewertung des Kotes der Nonnenraupe, Psilura monacha L.,als Grundlage fur die Festellung ihres Auftretens und zu ergeifenden Massregeln. Allgem. Forst. Jagdatg., 114: 132-48.
Gusain, S., 2004. Ecobiology ofsal heartwood borer, Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newman with special references to community structure and microclimate. (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae) Ph.D. thesis submitted to FRI, Dehradun. pp 139.
Haack, R.A. and Slansky, Jr.F., 1987. Nutritional ecology ofwood-feeding Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, 449-485 pp. In F. Slansky, Jr. and J.G Rodriguez (eds), Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, spiders, and related invertebrates. Wiley, New York.
Mishra S.C., Sen-Sarma Raj pal Singh, Singh, R., 1985. Chemical changes in the wood during the digestive process in larvae of Hoplocerambyx spinicornis (Newm.) lnsecta (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).
Misra, S.C. and Sen Sarma, P.K., 1979. Studies on deterioration of wood by insects. V. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on wood consumption and digestibility in Neotermes bosei Snyder Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). Material and Organismen, 14:279-286.
Morris, R.F., 1949. Frass-drop management in studies ofthe European spruce sawfly. Univ. Michigan Sch. For. Conser. Bull., 12: 1-58.
Muir, W.A., 1929. Epidemic attacks by sal heartwood borer Hoplocerambyx spinicornis Newm. (Cerambycidae) in the forests of South Mandia Division Northern Circle. Central Provide with special reference to the period 1924-25 t0 1926-27. Indian For. Rec., 13(5): 145-219.
Pond, D.D., 1961. Frass studies ofthe armyworm, Pseudalctia unipunctata. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 54:133-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/54.1.133