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Abstract
The present paper deals with effectiveness of coagulation for removal of turbidity and biological growth in experimental salt gradient solar pond. The result obtained indicated that coagulation is not able to bring down the turbidity below 1 NTU, while at 10 NTU starting turbidity, the optimum alum dose comes out to be 75 mg/I and it is 60 and 45 mg/l for 5 and 3 NTU respectively. This acquired level of turbidity is within acceptable limits for solar ponds, hence the experimentation with higher dose was not continued.
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References
- Agha, K. R., Abughres, S. M. and Rarndan, A. M., 2004. Design Methodology for a salt gradient solar pond coupled with an evaporation pond. Solar Energy, 73(5): 447-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(02)00021-X
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- Angeli, C. and Leonardi, E., 2005.The effect ofthermo diffusion on the stability ofa salinity gradient solar pond. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 48: 4633-4639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.05.021
- Birdie, G. S. and Birdie, J. S., 1998. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering. Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, New Delhi.
- Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W. A., 1981. Solar Engineering ofThermal Processes. John Wiley, 78-80. Husain, M., Patil, S. R., Patil, P.S. and Samdarshi, S. K., 2004. Combined Effect of Water Turbidity and
- Bottom Reflectivity on Thermal Performance ofSalt Gradient Solar Pond. Energy Conversion & Management, 45:73-81.
- Huseyin, Kurt and Mehmet, Ozkaymark., 2006. Performance evaluation ofa small-scale sodium carbonate salt gradient solar pond. International Journal ofEnergy Research, 30(11): 905-915. Huanmin, L.,Andrew, H.P.Swift, Hobert, D. Hein., 2004. Jr and John Walton, J. Solar Energy Engineering, 126(2): 759-767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1193
- Jaefarzadeh, M. R., 2004. Thermal behavior ofa small gradient solar pond with wall shading effect. Solar Energy 77:281-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.05.013
- Kumar, Amit and Joshi V. V. N., 1999. Constuction and Operational experience ofa 6000 m? Solar pond at Kutch, India. Solar Energy, 65(4): 237-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(98)00134-0
- Ouni, M., Guizani, A., Lu, H. and Belghith, A., 2003. Simulation ofthe control ofa salt gradient solar pond in the south of Tunisia. Solar Energy 75(2): 95-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.011
- Punyasena, M.A., Amarasekara, C.D., Jayakody, J.R.P., Perera P.A.A. and Ehamparam, P., 2003. An investigation of rain and wind effects on thermal stability of large-area saltpan solar . pond. Solar Energy, 74(6): 447-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00227-5
- Pachauri, R.K. and Sridharan, P. V., (ed.) 1998. GREEN INDIA 2047: Looking behind to think ahead. Tata energy research institute, New Delhi, India.
- Sawyer, C. N. and McCarty, P. L., 1978. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. 3e, International Students Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Singapore.
- Sukhatme, S.P, 1994. Solar Energy-Principles of thermal storage and collection. Tata McGraw Hill publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
- Wang, J. and Yagoobi, S., 1994. Effect of Water Turbidity and Salt Concentration Levels on Penetration of Solar Radiation Under Water. Solar Energy, 52(5): 429-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(94)90120-Q
- Wang, J. and Yagoobi, S., 1995. Effect ofWater Turbidity on Thermal Performance ofa Salt Gradient Solar Pond. Solar Energy, 54(5): 301-308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(94)00134-Y
- Weber, W.J., 1972. Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control. 93, Wiley-Interscience (a division ofJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.) New York, USA.
References
Agha, K. R., Abughres, S. M. and Rarndan, A. M., 2004. Design Methodology for a salt gradient solar pond coupled with an evaporation pond. Solar Energy, 73(5): 447-454. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(02)00021-X
Amonon, E., 2004. Solar Energy Research and Development Achievements in Israel and Their Practical Significance. J. Solar EnergyEngineering, 126(3): 921-928. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1758246
Angeli, C. and Leonardi, E., 2004. One-dimensional numerical study of the salt diffusion in a salinity gradient solar pond. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 47(1): 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(03)00410-1
Angeli, C. and Leonardi, E., 2005.The effect ofthermo diffusion on the stability ofa salinity gradient solar pond. Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 48: 4633-4639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.05.021
Birdie, G. S. and Birdie, J. S., 1998. Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering. Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W. A., 1981. Solar Engineering ofThermal Processes. John Wiley, 78-80. Husain, M., Patil, S. R., Patil, P.S. and Samdarshi, S. K., 2004. Combined Effect of Water Turbidity and
Bottom Reflectivity on Thermal Performance ofSalt Gradient Solar Pond. Energy Conversion & Management, 45:73-81.
Huseyin, Kurt and Mehmet, Ozkaymark., 2006. Performance evaluation ofa small-scale sodium carbonate salt gradient solar pond. International Journal ofEnergy Research, 30(11): 905-915. Huanmin, L.,Andrew, H.P.Swift, Hobert, D. Hein., 2004. Jr and John Walton, J. Solar Energy Engineering, 126(2): 759-767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1193
Jaefarzadeh, M. R., 2004. Thermal behavior ofa small gradient solar pond with wall shading effect. Solar Energy 77:281-290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.05.013
Kumar, Amit and Joshi V. V. N., 1999. Constuction and Operational experience ofa 6000 m? Solar pond at Kutch, India. Solar Energy, 65(4): 237-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(98)00134-0
Ouni, M., Guizani, A., Lu, H. and Belghith, A., 2003. Simulation ofthe control ofa salt gradient solar pond in the south of Tunisia. Solar Energy 75(2): 95-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2003.07.011
Punyasena, M.A., Amarasekara, C.D., Jayakody, J.R.P., Perera P.A.A. and Ehamparam, P., 2003. An investigation of rain and wind effects on thermal stability of large-area saltpan solar . pond. Solar Energy, 74(6): 447-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00227-5
Pachauri, R.K. and Sridharan, P. V., (ed.) 1998. GREEN INDIA 2047: Looking behind to think ahead. Tata energy research institute, New Delhi, India.
Sawyer, C. N. and McCarty, P. L., 1978. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. 3e, International Students Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Singapore.
Sukhatme, S.P, 1994. Solar Energy-Principles of thermal storage and collection. Tata McGraw Hill publishing Co., New Delhi, India.
Wang, J. and Yagoobi, S., 1994. Effect of Water Turbidity and Salt Concentration Levels on Penetration of Solar Radiation Under Water. Solar Energy, 52(5): 429-438. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(94)90120-Q
Wang, J. and Yagoobi, S., 1995. Effect ofWater Turbidity on Thermal Performance ofa Salt Gradient Solar Pond. Solar Energy, 54(5): 301-308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(94)00134-Y
Weber, W.J., 1972. Physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control. 93, Wiley-Interscience (a division ofJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.) New York, USA.