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Abstract
Snowtrout (Schizothorax sp.) is an important group of fishes in Indian uplands and is prone to decline due to several anthropogenic activities and natural disasters. However, the natural behaviour of the group is also one of the important constraints for its self-propagation in the nature. It requires attention for the conservation and propagation through in-situ as well as ex-situ measures. The in-situ refers to - aquaculture under controlled conditions for propagation of the group by developing artificial breeding programmes for high seed requirement, better management of incubation patterns and rational management of water bodies including development of sanctuaries, where the fishing would be banned. The artificial breeding and snowtrout seed production technique in flow through hatchery can be adopted at commercial level for mass scale snowtrout seed production. Sometimes unavailability of either sex of the mature brooder at the time of artificial fertilization in hatchery is a major constraint in the artificial breeding programmes. Cryopreservation of gametes has emerged as a promising and a very useful technique to facilitate artificial breeding in several fishes. The cryopreservation of milt of snowtrout finds its role right here. Initial attempts for developing cryopreservation protocol for snowtrout milt are very much promising. More concerted efforts for commercializing the reproductive techniques including cryopreservation of gametes will certainly be helpful for the strategic propagation of snowtrout in cold-water bodies.
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References
- Agarwal, N.K., 1996. Fish Reproduction. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. pp:157.
- Agarwal, N.K., 2001. Reproductive strategies of snowtrout (Schizothorax sp.) with reference to the environment of the river Bhagirathi & Bhilangana of Tehri Garhwal. Final Technical report of !CAR Scheme. pp: 1-90.
- Agarwal, N.K., 2005. Developing cryopreservation protocols for the spermatozoa of snowtrout and other endangered coldwater sp. Final report, ICAR Scheme. pp: 105.
- Agarwal, N.K., Khanna D.R., Thapliyal B.L. and Rawat U.S., 2005. Resource assessment of hill fisheries in Garhwal Himalayan region of Uttaranchal: A Perspective. In. D.R. Khanna, AK. Chopra. and G. Prasad (eds.), Aquatic Biodiversity in lndia: The present scenario. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi: 81-97.
- Agarwal, N.K., Raghuvanshi, S.K. and Saini, V., 2009.Cryopreservation of snowtrout (S richardsonii) milt as a means for propagation and ex-situ conservation of species. In. W. S. Lakra, A. K. Singh and P. C. Mahanta (eds.), Fish Genetic Resources, Narendra Publishing House, Delhi. pp: 273-284.
- Agarwal, N.K., Singh, W. and Singh, H.R., 1988. Fecundity of the snowtrout, Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel) from Garhwal Himalayas. J. Indian Fish. Assoc., 18: 537-548.
- Agarwal, N.K., Thapliyal, B.L. and Raghuvanshi, S.K., 2007. Induced breeding and artificial fertilization of snowtrout, Schizothorax richardsonii through the application of ovaprim. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 39(1): 12-19.
- Agarwal, N.K., Thapliyal, B.L. and Rawat, U.S., 2002. Artificial Breeding of a Snowtrout, Schizothorax richardsonii inhabiting the Bhilangana of Garhwal Himalaya. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India., 33(1): 77-80.
- Das, P. and Pandey, A.K., 1999. Endangered Fish Species: measures for rehabilitation and conservation. Fishing Chimes, 19 (6): 31-33.
- Dehadrai, P.V., Das, P. and Verma, S.R., 1994. Threatened Shrestha, T.K., 1997. The mahseer in the river of Nepal Fishes
- disrupted by Dams and ranching strategies. R.K. Printers, Katmandu. . Nature Conservators, Muzafarnagar412.
- Gjedrem, T., 1981. In: Fish Gene Pools. Ecol. Bull.(Stockholm) 34:33.
- Jhingran, A.G., 1991. Impact of environmental stresses on freshwater fisheries resources. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 23: 20-32.
- Kirchhoffer, A. and Hefti, D., 1996. Conservation of endangered freshwater fish in Europe. Birkhauser• Verlag, Basall, Switzerland. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9014-4
- Minckley, W.L. and Deacon, J.E., 1991. Battle against extinction: Native fish management in the America. Western University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London.
- Pavolov, D.S., 1993. Strategies for preserving rate and endangered fishes. J. Ichthyol. 33(1): 109-127.
- Penczak, T., 1996. Natural regeneration of endangered fish populations in the Pilica Drainage Basin after reducing human impact. In. A. Kirchhoffer and D. Hefti (eds.), Conservation of Endangered Freshwater Fish of Europe. Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel: 121-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9014-4_13
- Ponniah, A.G., Das, P. and Verma, S.R. (eds) 1998. Fish Genetics and Biodiversity Conservation. Nature Conservators, Muzaffanagar. pp: 474.
- Pullin, R.S.V., 1994. Exotic species and genetically modified organisms in aquaculture and enhanced fisheries: JCLARM position. Naga (CLARM), 17:19-24.
- Singh H.R., Dobriyal, A.K. and Nauriyal B.P., 1985.Spawning patterns and Environmental regulation of spawning in hill-stream fishes. In. B. K. Folleit, S. Ishii and A. Chandola (eds.), The Endocrine system and the Environment, Japan Sci. Soc. Press Tokyo/ Springer-verlag, Berlin : 1-11.
- Singh, A.K. and Pandey, A.K., 1995. Genetic constraints in management of endangered fishes. J. Natcon, 7: 99•105.
- Singh, H.R. and Agarwal, N.K., 1986. Spawning ecology of Schizothorax plagiostomus from Garhwal Himalaya. Proc. Symp. Fish, 82-85.
- Singh, N., Bhatt K.C. and Agarwal, N.K., 1992. The Alaknanda catchment area (Garhwal Himalaya): A case study of developmental strategies vis-~-vis Ichthyofauna and environmental imbalances. In. A. Gautam (ed.), Aqutic Environment, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
- Singh, W., Agarwal, N.K. and Singh, H.R., 1987. Present status of snowtrout in Garhwal Himalaya. U. P. J. Zoology, 7(1): 85-88.
- Thapliyal, B.L., 2002. Study on Artificial Breeding and Embryonic Development in a Snowtrout, Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) Inhabiting Snowfed River Bhilangana of Garhwal Himalaya. D. Phil. Thesis submitted to HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal
References
Agarwal, N.K., 1996. Fish Reproduction. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. pp:157.
Agarwal, N.K., 2001. Reproductive strategies of snowtrout (Schizothorax sp.) with reference to the environment of the river Bhagirathi & Bhilangana of Tehri Garhwal. Final Technical report of !CAR Scheme. pp: 1-90.
Agarwal, N.K., 2005. Developing cryopreservation protocols for the spermatozoa of snowtrout and other endangered coldwater sp. Final report, ICAR Scheme. pp: 105.
Agarwal, N.K., Khanna D.R., Thapliyal B.L. and Rawat U.S., 2005. Resource assessment of hill fisheries in Garhwal Himalayan region of Uttaranchal: A Perspective. In. D.R. Khanna, AK. Chopra. and G. Prasad (eds.), Aquatic Biodiversity in lndia: The present scenario. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi: 81-97.
Agarwal, N.K., Raghuvanshi, S.K. and Saini, V., 2009.Cryopreservation of snowtrout (S richardsonii) milt as a means for propagation and ex-situ conservation of species. In. W. S. Lakra, A. K. Singh and P. C. Mahanta (eds.), Fish Genetic Resources, Narendra Publishing House, Delhi. pp: 273-284.
Agarwal, N.K., Singh, W. and Singh, H.R., 1988. Fecundity of the snowtrout, Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel) from Garhwal Himalayas. J. Indian Fish. Assoc., 18: 537-548.
Agarwal, N.K., Thapliyal, B.L. and Raghuvanshi, S.K., 2007. Induced breeding and artificial fertilization of snowtrout, Schizothorax richardsonii through the application of ovaprim. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 39(1): 12-19.
Agarwal, N.K., Thapliyal, B.L. and Rawat, U.S., 2002. Artificial Breeding of a Snowtrout, Schizothorax richardsonii inhabiting the Bhilangana of Garhwal Himalaya. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India., 33(1): 77-80.
Das, P. and Pandey, A.K., 1999. Endangered Fish Species: measures for rehabilitation and conservation. Fishing Chimes, 19 (6): 31-33.
Dehadrai, P.V., Das, P. and Verma, S.R., 1994. Threatened Shrestha, T.K., 1997. The mahseer in the river of Nepal Fishes
disrupted by Dams and ranching strategies. R.K. Printers, Katmandu. . Nature Conservators, Muzafarnagar412.
Gjedrem, T., 1981. In: Fish Gene Pools. Ecol. Bull.(Stockholm) 34:33.
Jhingran, A.G., 1991. Impact of environmental stresses on freshwater fisheries resources. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 23: 20-32.
Kirchhoffer, A. and Hefti, D., 1996. Conservation of endangered freshwater fish in Europe. Birkhauser• Verlag, Basall, Switzerland. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9014-4
Minckley, W.L. and Deacon, J.E., 1991. Battle against extinction: Native fish management in the America. Western University of Arizona Press, Tucson and London.
Pavolov, D.S., 1993. Strategies for preserving rate and endangered fishes. J. Ichthyol. 33(1): 109-127.
Penczak, T., 1996. Natural regeneration of endangered fish populations in the Pilica Drainage Basin after reducing human impact. In. A. Kirchhoffer and D. Hefti (eds.), Conservation of Endangered Freshwater Fish of Europe. Birkhauser-Verlag, Basel: 121-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9014-4_13
Ponniah, A.G., Das, P. and Verma, S.R. (eds) 1998. Fish Genetics and Biodiversity Conservation. Nature Conservators, Muzaffanagar. pp: 474.
Pullin, R.S.V., 1994. Exotic species and genetically modified organisms in aquaculture and enhanced fisheries: JCLARM position. Naga (CLARM), 17:19-24.
Singh H.R., Dobriyal, A.K. and Nauriyal B.P., 1985.Spawning patterns and Environmental regulation of spawning in hill-stream fishes. In. B. K. Folleit, S. Ishii and A. Chandola (eds.), The Endocrine system and the Environment, Japan Sci. Soc. Press Tokyo/ Springer-verlag, Berlin : 1-11.
Singh, A.K. and Pandey, A.K., 1995. Genetic constraints in management of endangered fishes. J. Natcon, 7: 99•105.
Singh, H.R. and Agarwal, N.K., 1986. Spawning ecology of Schizothorax plagiostomus from Garhwal Himalaya. Proc. Symp. Fish, 82-85.
Singh, N., Bhatt K.C. and Agarwal, N.K., 1992. The Alaknanda catchment area (Garhwal Himalaya): A case study of developmental strategies vis-~-vis Ichthyofauna and environmental imbalances. In. A. Gautam (ed.), Aqutic Environment, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.
Singh, W., Agarwal, N.K. and Singh, H.R., 1987. Present status of snowtrout in Garhwal Himalaya. U. P. J. Zoology, 7(1): 85-88.
Thapliyal, B.L., 2002. Study on Artificial Breeding and Embryonic Development in a Snowtrout, Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) Inhabiting Snowfed River Bhilangana of Garhwal Himalaya. D. Phil. Thesis submitted to HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal